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1992 Philippine general election
← 1987
May 11, 1992
1995 →
Registered32,141,079
Turnout24,254,954
1992 Philippine presidential election
← 1986
May 11, 1992
1998 →
Turnout75.5% Decrease 3.3%
 
Nominee Fidel V. Ramos Miriam Defensor-Santiago Danding Cojuangco
Party Lakas PRP NPC
Running mate Lito Osmeña Ramon Magsaysay Jr. Joseph Estrada
Popular vote 5,342,521 4,468,173 4,116,376
Percentage 23.58% 19.72% 18.17%
President before election

Corazon Aquino
PDP–Laban

 Elected President

Fidel V. Ramos
Lakas

1992 Philippine vice presidential election
← 1986
May 11, 1992
1998 →
 
Candidate Joseph Estrada Marcelo Fernan Lito Osmeña
Party NPC LDP Lakas
Popular vote 6,739,738 4,438,494 3,362,467
Percentage 33.01% 21.74% 16.47%
Vice President before election

Salvador Laurel
Nacionalista

 Elected Vice President

Joseph Estrada
NPC

1992 Philippine Senate election
← 1987
May 11, 1992
1995 →
All 24 seats in the Senate
13 seats needed for a majority
  Majority party Minority party Third party
 
Party LDP NPC Lakas
Seats won 16 5 2
Popular vote 124,076,351 49,881,921 48,789,154
Percentage 44.95 18.07 17.67
Senate President before election

Neptali Gonzales
LDP

 Elected Senate President

Neptali Gonzales
LDP

1992 Philippine House of Representatives elections
← 1987
May 11, 1992
1995 →
200 (of the 216) seats in the House of Representatives of the Philippines
109 seats needed for a majority
Party Vote % Seats +/–
LDP 33.73 86 +86
Lakas 21.20 41 +41
NPC 18.66 30 +30
LP–PDP 8.82 11 +11
Nacionalista 3.92 7 +3
KBL 2.35 3 −8
Coalitions/others 6.28 16 −39
Independent 5.04 6 −17
This lists parties that won seats. See the complete results below.
Speaker before Speaker after
Ramon Mitra Jr.
LDP		 Jose de Venecia Jr.
Lakas

Presidential and vice presidential elections, legislative elections and local elections were held in the Philippines on May 11, 1992. An estimated 80,000 candidates ran for 17,000 posts from the presidency down to municipal councillors in the first general election under the 1987 Constitution. Even though she was permitted by the Constitution to run for a second term, President Corazon Aquino did not stand for re-election.

Retired general Fidel Ramos of Lakas-NUCD won a six-year term as president of the Philippines by a small margin, narrowly defeating populist candidate Miriam Defensor Santiago of the People's Reform Party. Ramos also got the lowest plurality in Philippine electoral history. Santiago led the canvassing of votes for the first five days, but was overtaken by Ramos afterwards. Santiago accused Ramos of fraud and filed an electoral protest citing power outages as evidence, but her protest was eventually dismissed.

The 1992 election was the second time both the president and vice-president came from different parties. Film actor and senator Joseph Estrada won a six-year term as Ramos' vice-president by a landslide victory.

Under the transitory provisions of the Constitution, 24 senators were elected in the polls. The first twelve senators who garnered the highest votes would have a six-year term while the next twelve senators would have a three-year term. Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino (LDP) got a large share in the Senate race. Television personality and Quezon City Vice-Mayor Vicente Sotto III got the highest number of votes.

Candidates

[edit]

Major political parties

[edit]

Results

[edit]

President

[edit]
CandidatePartyVotes%
Fidel V. RamosLakas–NUCD5,342,52123.58
Miriam Defensor SantiagoPeople's Reform Party4,468,17319.72
Danding CojuangcoNationalist People's Coalition4,116,37618.17
Ramon Mitra Jr.Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino3,316,66114.64
Imelda MarcosKilusang Bagong Lipunan2,338,29410.32
Jovito SalongaLiberal Party2,302,12410.16
Salvador LaurelNacionalista Party770,0463.40
Total22,654,195100.00
Valid votes22,654,19593.40
Invalid/blank votes1,600,7596.60
Total votes24,254,954100.00
Registered voters/turnout32,141,07975.46
Source: Nohlen, Grotz, Hartmann, Hasall and Santos[1]

Vice president

[edit]
CandidatePartyVotes%
Joseph EstradaNationalist People's Coalition6,739,73833.01
Marcelo FernanLaban ng Demokratikong Pilipino4,438,49421.74
Lito OsmeñaLakas–NUCD3,362,46716.47
Ramon Magsaysay Jr.People's Reform Party2,900,55614.20
Nene Pimentel[a]PDP–Laban2,023,2899.91
Vicente MagsaysayKilusang Bagong Lipunan699,8953.43
Eva Estrada KalawNacionalista Party255,7301.25
Total20,420,169100.00
Valid votes20,420,16984.19
Invalid/blank votes3,834,78515.81
Total votes24,254,954100.00
Registered voters/turnout32,141,07975.46
Source: Nohlen, Grotz, Hartmann, Hasall and Santos[2]
  1. ↑ Running mate of Jovito Salonga (Liberal Party)

Senate

[edit]

The top 12 elected candidates served from June 30, 1992, until June 30, 1998, while the following 12 elected candidates were to serve from June 30, 1992, until June 30, 1995. A total of 165 candidates ran for senator.

Representation of results
  LDP
  NPC
  Lakas-NUCD
  Liberal Party
CandidatePartyVotes%
Tito SottoLaban ng Demokratikong Pilipino11,792,12148.62
Ramon Revilla Sr.Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino8,321,27834.31
Edgardo AngaraLaban ng Demokratikong Pilipino8,019,01133.06
Ernesto HerreraLaban ng Demokratikong Pilipino7,219,17029.76
Alberto RomuloLaban ng Demokratikong Pilipino6,824,25628.14
Ernesto MacedaNationalist People's Coalition6,820,71728.12
Orly MercadoLaban ng Demokratikong Pilipino6,691,13227.59
Neptali GonzalesLaban ng Demokratikong Pilipino6,578,58227.12
Leticia Ramos-ShahaniLakas–NUCD6,367,46826.25
Heherson AlvarezLaban ng Demokratikong Pilipino6,360,89826.23
Blas OpleLaban ng Demokratikong Pilipino6,024,93024.84
Freddie WebbLaban ng Demokratikong Pilipino5,929,42624.45
Gloria Macapagal ArroyoLaban ng Demokratikong Pilipino5,858,95024.16
Teofisto Guingona Jr.Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino5,830,04424.04
Santanina RasulLakas–NUCD5,546,80322.87
Joey LinaLaban ng Demokratikong Pilipino5,064,29120.88
Nikki CosetengNationalist People's Coalition5,008,98120.65
Arturo TolentinoNationalist People's Coalition4,929,62520.32
Raul RocoLaban ng Demokratikong Pilipino4,884,45520.14
Rodolfo BiazonLaban ng Demokratikong Pilipino4,863,75220.05
Wigberto TañadaKoalisyong Pambansa4,492,71818.52
Francisco TatadNationalist People's Coalition4,487,89618.50
John Henry OsmeñaNationalist People's Coalition4,408,14518.17
Butz AquinoLaban ng Demokratikong Pilipino4,283,38817.66
Alfredo BengzonLakas–NUCD3,964,00016.34
Carlos PadillaLaban ng Demokratikong Pilipino3,828,67915.79
Alexander AguirreNationalist People's Coalition3,755,83715.48
Mamintal A.J. TamanoLaban ng Demokratikong Pilipino3,642,82815.02
Jose Concepcion Jr.Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino3,598,93514.84
Silvestre Bello IIILakas–NUCD3,559,20214.67
Francisco SumulongLakas–NUCD3,167,83813.06
Estelito MendozaNationalist People's Coalition3,122,46712.87
Victor ZigaKoalisyong Pambansa3,151,25112.99
Sotero LaurelNacionalista Party3,002,87412.38
Francisco ChavezLakas–NUCD2,948,91212.16
Ruben TorresLakas–NUCD2,737,11211.28
Rafael RectoKilusang Bagong Lipunan2,726,18911.24
Florencio AbadKoalisyong Pambansa2,494,64310.29
Narciso MonfortLaban ng Demokratikong Pilipino2,483,45910.24
Augusto PanganKilusang Bagong Lipunan2,408,1859.93
Eduardo PilapilLakas–NUCD2,065,9008.52
RJ JacintoLakas–NUCD1,873,9107.73
Eddie IlardeNacionalista Party1,800,0777.42
Arsenio Yulo Jr.Lakas–NUCD1,774,9317.32
Gerardo Espina Sr.Nationalist People's Coalition1,755,1207.24
Nemesio PrudenteKoalisyong Pambansa1,747,5697.20
Guillermo CaragueLakas–NUCD1,743,8967.19
Wencelito AndanarLaban ng Demokratikong Pilipino1,711,6117.06
Buddy GomezLakas–NUCD1,696,3116.99
Adolfo AzcunaLakas–NUCD1,640,2206.76
Jose TamayoNationalist People's Coalition1,634,2686.74
Ramon Villarama Jr.Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino1,629,8466.72
Homobono AdazaNacionalista Party1,551,3666.40
Vincent CrisologoNacionalista Party1,551,0686.39
Manuel MoratoLakas–NUCD1,516,7156.25
Rodrigo GutangLaban ng Demokratikong Pilipino1,508,5526.22
Ruben AnchetaNationalist People's Coalition1,506,7006.21
Vivian HultmanNationalist People's Coalition1,459,5356.02
Leonor LucianoLaban ng Demokratikong Pilipino1,445,1795.96
Aurelio PeriquetLakas–NUCD1,243,4385.13
Vicente Rivera Jr.Nationalist People's Coalition1,177,0564.85
Ramon OrosaNacionalista Party1,164,9904.80
Gerry GeronimoNationalist People's Coalition1,154,9344.76
Sanchez AliLakas–NUCD1,073,7504.43
Lorna Verano-YapKoalisyong Pambansa1,050,3044.33
Felix Brawner Jr.Nationalist People's Coalition1,036,9634.28
Zosimo ParedesNationalist People's Coalition1,029,8134.25
Leonardo QuisumbingLakas–NUCD1,021,6274.21
Rod NavarroKilusang Bagong Lipunan966,8233.99
Elsa PayumoNationalist People's Coalition936,9263.86
Fortunato AbatPeople's Reform Party928,4173.83
Antonio LevistePeople's Reform Party919,2293.79
Katrina LegardaNationalist People's Coalition914,7633.77
Julio Cesar ClimacoNationalist People's Coalition882,6803.64
Rufus RodriguezNationalist People's Coalition812,1443.35
Macapanton AbbasKoalisyong Pambansa806,4343.32
Wilson Gamboa Sr.Nacionalista Party803,9953.31
Blo Umpar AdiongNationalist People's Coalition762,6883.14
Johnny WilsonKilusang Bagong Lipunan753,6273.11
Jose Malvar Romero Jr.Lakas–NUCD739,9193.05
Marietta Corazon Primicias-GocoLakas–NUCD737,6763.04
Reynaldo San JuanKoalisyong Pambansa729,6103.01
Ramon GarciaKoalisyong Pambansa717,3412.96
Israel BocoboLakas–NUCD707,5682.92
Rogelio AriendaNacionalista Party704,4502.90
Jose Villegas Jr.Lakas–NUCD688,7182.84
Jesus Antonio CarpioKoalisyong Pambansa668,7462.76
James BarbersKilusang Bagong Lipunan664,0192.74
Manuel Barcelona Jr.Nationalist People's Coalition618,5392.55
Jaime CuraLakas–NUCD612,3632.52
Conrado ManicadLakas–NUCD606,5772.50
Fernando BarricanNationalist People's Coalition602,1692.48
Mario LevisteNationalist People's Coalition556,3752.29
Jose LopezLakas–NUCD543,1862.24
Alejandro FiderNationalist People's Coalition507,5802.09
Jonathan RiveraPeople's Reform Party502,8582.07
Miguel AcebedoKoalisyong Pambansa477,7781.97
Elfren CruzKoalisyong Pambansa461,3711.90
Esteban OsmeñaNacionalista Party447,1961.84
Vicente Piccio Jr.Kilusang Bagong Lipunan439,9951.81
Marcelino AriasNacionalista Party428,7161.77
Mariano ReyesPeople's Reform Party414,5771.71
Doroteo SalazarNacionalista Party414,0611.71
Arturo PaduaKilusang Bagong Lipunan413,1231.70
Cristin Abasolo Jr.People's Reform Party409,9051.69
Oliver LozanoKilusang Bagong Lipunan407,5381.68
Abdullah MadalePeople's Reform Party391,7231.62
Jose CordovaPeople's Reform Party379,3831.56
Nora DazaNacionalista Party379,1571.56
Josephus RamasKilusang Bagong Lipunan378,4511.56
Dante de GuzmanPeople's Reform Party376,3271.55
Mariano SantiagoNacionalista Party373,1611.54
Carlos CajeloPeople's Reform Party370,9011.53
Alfredo LamenKilusang Bagong Lipunan349,7961.44
Camilo Diel Jr.Koalisyong Pambansa345,7281.43
Edgardo AbeninaNacionalista Party342,9081.41
Melchor InesPeople's Reform Party337,4491.39
Ramon TagleKoalisyong Pambansa326,1531.34
Albert UmaliPeople's Reform Party319,8421.32
Florangel Rosario-BraidKoalisyong Pambansa310,9531.28
Simeon AlejandroKilusang Bagong Lipunan308,6181.27
Rommel CorroKilusang Bagong Lipunan307,8321.27
Antonio PolicarpioPeople's Reform Party299,5381.23
Renato EcarmaPeople's Reform Party291,2361.20
Salvador PaneloKilusang Bagong Lipunan289,4161.19
Jaime EchevarriaKilusang Bagong Lipunan287,3421.18
Pacifico Lopez de LeonKilusang Bagong Lipunan283,2361.17
Ponciano SubidoKoalisyong Pambansa270,6081.12
Jaime MuyargasPeople's Reform Party258,7111.07
Jesus MartinezKilusang Bagong Lipunan257,2761.06
Abdul Sarip MacmodKilusang Bagong Lipunan250,5481.03
Roger PanotesNacionalista Party242,5431.00
Raul ContrerasKoalisyong Pambansa224,0040.92
Efren SumajitPeople's Reform Party215,5630.89
Oscar MoradoKoalisyong Pambansa203,8590.84
Leonora PetinesKilusang Bagong Lipunan199,7180.82
Miguel Lopez Jr.Independent199,5930.82
Madrino MuñozKilusang Bagong Lipunan199,3590.82
Gerardo del MundoKoalisyong Pambansa197,2490.81
Crisostomo VitugNacionalista Party193,2220.80
Wilfredo RafolsKoalisyong Pambansa186,0040.77
Elpidio ValeraKilusang Bagong Lipunan185,8450.77
Amado Gat InciongNacionalista Party183,4460.76
Hjalmar QuintanaNacionalista Party165,2120.68
Luis GarchitorenaKilusang Bagong Lipunan158,5000.65
Jovencio KintanarPartido ng Masang Pilipino158,2000.65
Ramon MaronillaNacionalista Party156,1380.64
Bonifacio TupazNacionalista Party154,9390.64
Jose TumbokonKilusang Bagong Lipunan151,7480.63
Benjamin NuegaKilusang Bagong Lipunan144,0640.59
Norberto Romualdez IIINacionalista Party141,7410.58
Genaro MabasaKoalisyong Pambansa133,6770.55
Alfredo de GraciaKilusang Bagong Lipunan116,9810.48
Gonzalo VillaNacionalista Party111,7530.46
Juanito ArribasIndependent105,6710.44
Horacio MarasiganNacionalista Party105,1720.43
Alfredo ZerrudoKoalisyong Pambansa96,6140.40
Dominico CasasPeople's Reform Party90,8040.37
Antonio Fa. MuyotNacionalista Party61,3390.25
Conrado LeonardoPartido ng Masang Pilipino48,3370.20
Rolando QuintosPartido ng Masang Pilipino38,5810.16
Ruperto MartinKoalisyong Pambansa11,7840.05
Datu Ray Ibrahim UyNacionalista Party6,2780.03
Melchor Chavez[a]Koalisyong Pambansa00.00
Ceferino Padua[b]Koalisyong Pambansa00.00
Total276,150,008100.00
Total votes24,254,954–
Registered voters/turnout32,141,07975.46
  1. ↑ Disqualified but remained on the ballot
  2. ↑ Withdrew but remained on the ballot

House of Representatives

[edit]
PartyVotes%+/–Seats+/–
Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino6,286,92233.73New86New
Lakas–NUCD3,951,14421.20New41New
Nationalist People's Coalition3,478,78018.66New30New
Koalisyong Pambansa1,644,5688.82New11New
Nacionalista Party730,6963.92−3.277+3
Kilusang Bagong Lipunan438,5772.35−1.753−8
Coalitions679,4113.64New14New
Others491,9702.64New2New
Independent938,5585.04−8.216−17
Appointed seats160
Total18,640,626100.00–216+2
Source: Nohlen, Grotz and Hartmann[3] and Teehankee[4]

Local elections

[edit]

Local elections for all positions above the barangay level, but below the regional level, were held on this day.

Summary of provincial elections

[edit]
Province Elected governor Elected vice governor Provincial board results
Name Party Name Party
Abra[5] Vicente Valera Lakas Constante Culangen Lakas
Agusan del Norte[6] Eduardo Rama Sr. NPC Roan Libarios Lakas
  •   Lakas (4)
  •   NPC (2)
  •   LDP/Independent (1)
  •   Independent (1)
Agusan del Sur[6] Democrito Plaza LDP Alex Bascug LDP
  •   NPC/Pagtinabangay (4)
  •   NPC (3)
  •   LDP (1)
Aklan[7] Corazon Cabagnot NPC Liberato Ibadlit NPC
Albay[8] Romeo Salalima NPC Danilo Azana NPC
Antique[7] Jovito Plameras Jr. Lakas Robin Rubinos Lakas
Aurora[9] Edgardo Ong LDP Agapito Samano Jr. Nacionalista
Basilan[10] Gerry Salapuddin LDP Ping Kasim LDP
Bataan[11] Tet Garcia NPC Efren Pascual Jr. NPC
Batanes[12] Telesforo Castillejos LDP Edmundo Puño Koalisyong Pambansa
Batangas[9] Vicente Mayo LDP Guia Chavez Nacionalista
Benguet[5] Jaime Paul Panganiban Koalisyong Pambansa Walter Carantes LDP
Bohol[13] David Tirol NPC Rene Relampagos LDP
Bukidnon NPC
Bulacan[11] Roberto Pagdanganan LDP Josefina dela Cruz LDP
Cagayan[12] Rodolfo Aguinaldo NPC Oscar Pagulayan LDP
Camarines Norte[8] Casimiro Roy Padilla Jr. NPC Renato Verzo Nacionalista
Camarines Sur[8] Jose Bulaong Nacionalista/NPC Crisanto Rances NPC/Nacionalista
Camiguin[6] Antonio Gallardo Lakas/Koalisyong Pambansa Francisco Calincin Koalisyong Pambansa
Capiz[7] Esteban Evan Contreras Liberal/Nacionalista/
Lakas		 Milagros Balgos PRP
Catanduanes[8] Rosalie Estacio LDP Severo Alcantara NPC
Cavite[9] Johnny Remulla LDP Luis Ferrer III LDP
Cebu[13] Vicente dela Serna LDP Apolonio Abines Jr. LDP
Cotabato[14] Rosario Diaz Lakas Jose Tuburan Jr. Lakas
Davao del Norte[15] Prospero Amatong LDP Gelacio Gementiza NPC
Davao del Sur[15] Rogelio Llanos NPC Antonio Sunga Lakas
Davao Oriental[15] Rosalind Lopez LDP Cirilo Valles LDP
Eastern Samar[16] Lutgardo Barbo Lakas/Koalisyong Pambansa Marcelino Libanan Lakas
Ifugao[5] Albert Pawingi NPC Herman Dinumla NPC
Ilocos Norte[17] Rodolfo Fariñas Independent Mariano Nalupta Jr. Independent
Ilocos Sur[17] Chavit Singson LDP Deogracias Victor Savellano LDP
Iloilo[7] Arthur Defensor Sr. Lakas Robert Maroma NPC
Isabela[12] Benjamin Dy Lakas Manuel Binag LDP/Lakas/NPC
Kalinga-Apayao[5] Lawrence Wacnang LDP Anthony Songgadan LDP
La Union[17] Justo Orros Jr. Lakas Amparo Aspiras NPC
Laguna[9] Felicisimo San Luis LDP Restituto Luna LDP
Lanao del Norte[14] Abdullah Dimaporo NPC/Nacionalista/KBL Fred Tamula LDP
Lanao del Sur[18] Mahid Mutilan Lakas Omar Umpar Lakas
Leyte[16] Leopoldo Petilla LDP Aurelio Menzon Lakas
Maguindanao[18] Norodin Matalam LDP Ma'arouph Candao LDP
  •   NPC (3)
  •   LDP (2)
  •   IPP (1)
  •   KBL (1)
  •   Lakas (1)
  •   PMP (1)
  •   Independent (1)
Marinduque[9] Luisito Reyes LDP Rosa Lecaroz NPC
  •   LDP (6)
  •   Independent (2)
Masbate[8] Emilio Espinosa Jr. NPC/INA Rainier Butalid Independent
Misamis Occidental[6] Benito Chiongbian Lakas Florencio Garcia Lakas
Misamis Oriental[6] Vicente Emano Koalisyong Pambansa Miguel de Jesus Koalisyong Pambansa
Mountain Province[5] Maximo Dalog Lakas Leonard Mayaen Independent
  •   Lakas (3)
  •   Independent (3)
Negros Occidental[7] Rafael Cosculluela Lakas Romeo Gamboa Jr. Lakas
Negros Oriental[13] Emilio Macias NPC George Arnaiz NPC
Northern Samar[16] Harlin Abayon Koalisyong Pambansa Sixto Balanquit Jr. Koalisyong Pambansa
Nueva Ecija[11] Tomas Joson III NPC/Balane Oscar Tinio NPC/Balane
Nueva Vizcaya[12] Patricio Dumlao Nacionalista/NPC/
KBL/GAD		 Rodolfo Agbayani NPC
  •   LDP (6)
  •   NPC (1)
  •   None (1)
Occidental Mindoro[9] Josephine Ramirez LDP Crispin Perez Jr. LDP
Oriental Mindoro[9] Rodolfo Valencia Koalisyong Pambansa Pedrito Reyes LDP
Palawan[9] Salvador Socrates NPC Mario Joel Reyes LDP
  •   LDP (9)
  •   Independent (1)
Pampanga[11] Bren Guiao Lakas Lito Lapid NPC
Pangasinan[17] Aguedo Agbayani Lakas Ranjit Shahani Lakas
Quezon[9] Eduardo Rodriguez LDP Roberto Racelis LDP
Quirino[12] Pedro Bacani LDP Bonifacio Cristobal LDP
Rizal[9] Casimiro Ynares Jr. NPC Nicandro Natividad None
Romblon[9] Jose Madrid Lakas Peter Montojo LDP
Samar[16] Antonio Bolastig Koalisyong Pambansa Terencio Uyloan Koalisyong Pambansa
Siquijor[13] Ben Aquino LDP Richard Quezon LDP
Sorsogon[8] Juan Frivaldo Lakas Antonio Escudero Jr. NPC
South Cotabato[15] Hilario de Pedro III LDP Miguel Escobar LDP
Southern Leyte[16] Oscar Ma. Tan LDP Asisclo Munda LDP
Sultan Kudarat[14] Nesthur Gumana LDP Sinsuat Andang Koalisyong Pambansa
Sulu[18] Tupay Loong LDP Hadji Munib Estino LDP
Surigao del Norte[6] Francisco Matugas NPC Alejandrino Echin NPC
Surigao del Sur[15] Primo Murillo Nacionalista Jesus Magno NPC
Tarlac[11] Tingting Cojuangco LDP Candido Guiam LDP
Tawi-Tawi[18] Hadjaril Matba LDP Ismael Nurudin LDP
  •   LDP (4)
  •   Independent (2)
Zambales[11] Amor Deloso Lakas Saturnino Bactad Lakas
Zamboanga del Norte[10] Isagani Amatong Lakas Eduardito Pacatang Lakas
Zamboanga del Sur[10] Isidoro Real Jr. Lakas Romeo Vera Cruz NPC

Local plebiscites

[edit]

Plebiscites to ratify the provincehood of Biliran and Guimaras were also done on this day. Both proposals were carried.


See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ↑ Dieter Nohlen; Florian Grotz; Christof Hartmann; Graham Hassall; Soliman M. Santos.
    Elections in Asia and the Pacific: A Data Handbook: Volume II: South East Asia, East Asia, and the South Pacific    .
  2. ↑ Dieter Nohlen; Florian Grotz; Christof Hartmann; Graham Hassall; Soliman M. Santos.
    Elections in Asia and the Pacific: A Data Handbook: Volume II: South East Asia, East Asia, and the South Pacific    .
  3. ↑ Nohlen, Dieter; Grotz, Florian; Hartmann, Christof (eds.). Elections in Asia and the Pacific: A Data Handbook. Vol. 2: South East Asia, East Asia, and the South Pacific. Oxford: Oxford University Press..
  4. ↑ Teehankee, Julio (2002). "Electoral Politics in the Philippines" (PDF). In Croissant, Aurel (ed.). Electoral Politics in Southeast and East Asia. Singapore: Fiedrich-Ebert-Siftung. pp. 149–202 – via quezon.ph.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 Commission on Elections. Certified List of Provincial Candidates, May 11, 1992 National and Local Elections, CAR. Manila. 2006.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Commission on Elections. Certified List of Provincial Candidates, May 11, 1992 National and Local Elections, 10. Manila. 2006.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 Commission on Elections. Certified List of Provincial Candidates, May 11, 1992 National and Local Elections, 06. Manila. 2006.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Commission on Elections. Certified List of Provincial Candidates, May 11, 1992 National and Local Elections, 05. Manila. 2006.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Commission on Elections. Certified List of Provincial Candidates, May 11, 1992 National and Local Elections, 04. Manila. 2006.
  10. 1 2 3 Commission on Elections. Certified List of Provincial Candidates, May 11, 1992 National and Local Elections, 09. Manila. 2006.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Commission on Elections. Certified List of Provincial Candidates, May 11, 1992 National and Local Elections, 03. Manila. 2006.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 Commission on Elections. Certified List of Provincial Candidates, May 11, 1992 National and Local Elections, 02. Manila. 2006.
  13. 1 2 3 4 Commission on Elections. Certified List of Provincial Candidates, May 11, 1992 National and Local Elections, 07. Manila. 2006.
  14. 1 2 3 Commission on Elections. Certified List of Provincial Candidates, May 11, 1992 National and Local Elections, 12. Manila. 2006.
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 Commission on Elections. Certified List of Provincial Candidates, May 11, 1992 National and Local Elections, 11. Manila. 2006.
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 Commission on Elections. Certified List of Provincial Candidates, May 11, 1992 National and Local Elections, 08. Manila. 2006.
  17. 1 2 3 4 Commission on Elections. Certified List of Provincial Candidates, May 11, 1992 National and Local Elections, 01. Manila. 2006.
  18. 1 2 3 4 Commission on Elections. Certified List of Provincial Candidates, May 11, 1992 National and Local Elections, ARMM. Manila. 2006.
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