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Anti-government students' movement

2024 Bangladesh quota reform movement
Part of Bangladesh quota reform movement and the July Uprising
Police blockade in a mass procession
A male student wearing shackles carrying a sign saying "Break down the shackles of those quotas" (ভেঙ্গে ফেল ঐ কোটার শিকল)
A female student carrying a sign reading "Quota or merit? Merit! Merit!" (কোটা না, মেধা? মেধা! মেধা!)
Date6 June – 3 August 2024
(1 month and 4 weeks)
Location
Bangladesh and abroad
Caused byReinstatement of the pre-2018 quota system in government jobs following the Bangladesh High Court's declaration of the 2018 circular as illegal.
GoalsInitially focused on quota reform.
Methods
ResultSuccessful
Parties
Lead figures
Casualties and losses
  • Deaths: 1,650 anti-quota protesters (MoHFW estimates)[29][30][31] and 2 JCD activists[32][33][34]
  • Injuries: 22,000 people (including anti-quota protesters, children and non-protester civilians)[a]
  • Arrests: 12,000+[b]
  • Deaths: 9 pro-quota activists (including 2 Awami League, 1 Chhatra League, 2 Jubo League, 2 Swechhasebak League, 1 Sramik League and 1 Matsyajibi League),[57] 44 Policemen and 1 Ansar paramilitary soldier[58][59]
  • Injuries: 536 pro-quota activists (includes 33 Awami League, more than 200 Chhatra League, 1 Jubo League and 302 Swechhasebak League)[57][60] and 1,117+ Policemen[58][61]
  • Deaths: At least 45 non-protester civilians[c] (including 32 children) and 4 journalists
  • Total: At least 1,500+ deaths[66]
  • Injuries: 225+ journalists[67][68]

The 2024 Bangladesh quota reform movement was a series of anti-government[d] and pro-democracy[e] protests in Bangladesh, spearheaded primarily by university students. Initially focused on restructuring quota-based systems for government job recruitment, the movement expanded against what many perceived as an authoritarian government when government-associated groups carried out the July massacre of protesters and civilians, most of whom were students.[f] While it started as a student movement, the movement later escalated into a fully-fledged mass uprising known as the July Uprising.

The protest began in June 2024, in response to the Supreme Court of Bangladesh reinstating a 30% quota for descendants of freedom fighters, reversing the government decision made in response to the 2018 Bangladesh quota reform movement. Students began to feel like merit-based opportunities in public sector jobs would diminish. The protest quickly spread throughout the entire country because of the government's violent response, as well as growing public dissatisfaction against an oppressive government. The situation was further complicated by many other ongoing issues, like the government's inability to manage a prolonged economic downturn, reports of rampant corruption and human rights violations, and the absence of democratic channels for initiating changes.[82][83][84][85]

The government sought to suppress the protests by shutting down all educational institutions. They deployed their student wing, the Chhatra League, along with other factions of the Awami League party. These groups resorted to using firearms and sharp weapons against the demonstrators.[g] The government then deployed Police, RAB, BGB and other armed forces, declaring a nationwide shoot-at-sight curfew[h] amid an unprecedented government-ordered nationwide internet and mobile connectivity blackout that effectively isolated Bangladesh from the rest of the world.[i] Later, the government also blocked social media in Bangladesh.[2] Government forces cordoned off parts of the capital city of Dhaka and conducted Block Raids, randomly picking up anyone they suspected having links to the protest, causing fear among the city residents.[93] As of August 2, there were 215 confirmed deaths, more than 20,000 injuries,[94][35] and more than 11,000 arrests.[j] The unofficial death toll was between 300 and 500.[99] UNICEF reported that at least 32 children were killed during July's protests, with many more injured and detained.[100][101] Determining the exact number of deaths has been difficult because the government reportedly restricted hospitals from sharing information with the media without police permission, hospital CCTV footage was confiscated, and numerous individuals with gunshot wounds were buried without identification.[102][103][104]

The Awami League government, led by Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina have suggested that political opponents have co-opted the protest.[105][106] Despite the curfew restrictions the movement remained ongoing as it expanded its demands to include accountability for violence, a ban on the student wing of the government Chhatra League, and resignation of certain government officials,[107] including the resignation of Sheikh Hasina.[108] The government's use of widespread violence against the general public turned the student protests into a people's uprising known as the Non-Cooperation Movement.[k]

Background

[edit]

After the High Court ruled in favour of quotas on 5 June 2024, the students of various universities in Dhaka united to demand quota reform. After the movement was initially started, it was postponed due to Eid al-Adha and the summer holidays. After the holidays, the agitation started again peacefully but gradually became widespread. Initially, the students and teachers of many public universities and other educational institutions joined the movement.[113] Later, the students of private universities also followed suit by joining the public demonstration.[114] Under the banner of Students Against Discrimination (Bengali: বৈষম্যবিরোধী ছাত্র আন্দোলন), students started the Bangla Blockade. During the movement, the Appellate Division issued a status quo for four weeks on 10 July, canceling the freedom fighters' quota. Reacting to the court verdict, the students said they are seeking a final solution to the quota issue from the government, claiming the movement has nothing to do with the court. The protest also affected the domestic train and road transportation networks across Bangladesh.[115][116]

Peaceful demonstrations by the students restarted on 1 July, while public university teachers declared a strike protesting the new Universal Pension Scheme,[117] causing universities to close. Demonstrations spread nationwide as the movement became headed by a newly formed Students Against Discrimination, an umbrella organisation for the student protesters. On July 7, protestors launched the nationwide Bangla Blockade, obstructing traffic and rail in major cities and metropolises including Dhaka, Chittagong, Comilla, Jessore, Rangpur, Rajshahi, and Bogra.[118] While the Appellate Division ordered a four-week status quo regarding the quota on 10 July, protesters continued to demand a solution from the government.[119] Protests turned violent for the first time the next day as the police clashed with the students. On 14 July, Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina made controversial remarks about the anti-quota protests, escalating the situation and raising the public's anger. On 15 July, the ruling Awami League solidified its stance against the demonstrations, and the protestors met first violent suppression from the Chhatra League leaving several hundred injured.[120][121][122] In response to the Chhatra League attacks, student protesters at Rajshahi University vandalized halls, targeting the room of the President of RU Chhatra League and other members associated with the group.[123] The protesters in the University of Dhaka removed Chhatra League members from 11 different halls and declared a ban on the pro-quota student organization.[124] At other universities across the country, students expelled Chhatra League members from their campuses,[125] with some members in Chittagong even being thrown from high rooftops by angry protesters during clashes.[126] These actions led to many campuses independently declaring themselves "Chhatra League Free".[127]

Demands

[edit]

Initial demands

[edit]

The Students Against Discrimination put forward the following demands to the government:[128][129]

  • Cancellation of the existing quota system for government jobs.
  • Provision of the quota at fair rates to minority groups and disabled people.
  • Passing a new law in the parliament which establishes a new quota system for a maximum of 5% of total jobs.

After nationwide violence

[edit]

In response to the violent protests involving members of the Bangladesh Chhatra League and Bangladesh Police, the Students Against Discrimination issued a revised nine-point demand. The demands include:

  1. Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina should publicly apologize, and take responsibility for the deaths of students during the protests.[69]
  2. Home Minister Asaduzzaman Khan and Road Transport and Bridges Minister Obaidul Quader should resign from their cabinet positions and party roles for their alleged roles in using law enforcement and Chhatra League to carry out violence against the protesters.[130]
  3. Deputy inspectors general of police, police commissioners, and superintendents of police in the areas where student casualties occurred must be dismissed from their posts.
  4. The vice-chancellors and proctors of Dhaka University, Jahangirnagar University, and Rajshahi University must resign due to their inadequate response to the violence against students.
  5. There should be a nationwide ban on the Awami League's student wing Bangladesh Chhatra League in all educational institutions in Bangladesh.

Aftermath

[edit]

Mass killing

[edit]

The massacre was the violent suppression and mass killings in Bangladesh during the July Revolution from 16 July to 5 August 2024. It is triggered by the reinstatement of a controversial quota system and widespread public dissatisfaction, the crackdown was carried out by the government led by the Awami League, its affiliated groups such as the Chhatra League, and various law-enforcement agencies.

Supreme Court verdict

[edit]

With the deterioration of the law and order situation in the country, Minister of Law Anisul Haque conferred with the Attorney General AM Amin Uddin about appealing to the court for a hearing of the case on July 21.[306]

On the same day, the Appellate Division of Supreme Court ordered an overhaul of the quota reservation system. It ordered 93% of recruitment in government jobs to be based on merit and 5% to be reserved for the children of freedom fighters, martyred freedom fighters and Biranganas, 1% for the ethnic minorities and 1% for the third gender and the disabled people with immediate effect.[r] Accordingly, on 23 July, the Ministry of Public Administration published a gazette notification in line with the Supreme Court verdict.[s] In the post-gazette news conference, Anisul Huq said the new quota system will be followed while recruiting employees directly in all government, semi-government, autonomous and semi-autonomous institutions, statutory bodies and different corporations.[t]

Despite the ruling, student protesters pledged to continue demonstrating for other demands such as the release of people imprisoned during the protests and the resignations of officials deemed responsible for the violence that occurred with it.[317][318]

Non-cooperation movement

[edit]

Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina proposed peaceful talks with the protesters, saying,

"The doors of Ganabhaban are open. I want to sit with the quota protesters and listen to them. I do not want conflict."

However, in the afternoon, central coordinator Nahid Islam announced that they had no plans to negotiate with the government. He stated:[319]

When we were in DB custody, we were offered to sit in talks with the Prime Minister. But we protested against this proposal by going on a hunger strike in DB custody.

Asif Mahmud, a coordinator of the Student Against Discrimination, commented:[291]

We have no plans to negotiate with them. Our demands are very clear. If they have any statements, they can present them to the nation through the media. The decision of the protesting students and people is our decision. There is no dialogue with bullets and terrorism.

Students and ordinary people gathered at the Shaheed Minar, Dhaka area with protest marches from different parts of the capital,[320] At around 5:30 PM, Nahid Islam, one of the coordinator, addressed the assembled crowd at Shaheed Minar.[321] where the Students Against Discrimination announced a single demand for the resignation of Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina and her cabinet and called for a comprehensive Non-cooperation movement from 4 August,[322] which marked the end of the quota protests.

Casualties and damages

[edit]
District-wise death tolls in July Revolution

Casualties

[edit]

The mass killings carried out by the law enforcement agencies were described as "July massacre" in various sources. A preliminary report by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights published on 16 August 2024 stated that more than 400 fatalities were reported nationwide between 16 July and 4 August, mainly due to violence carried out by state forces such as the Bangladesh Police, RAB, BGB and Army, as well as the Chhatra League. The report stated that restrictions on communication and state interference in hospitals make this figure an undercount.[323][324] According to UNICEF, at least 32 children died during the protest crackdown surrounding the protests and unrest in July.[289] Prothom Alo found that out of the 354 people killed it had counted during the protests, 39 were children.[325][326]

[edit]

Six people were reported killed on 17 July: Md. Shahjahan, a 25-year-old hawker from the New Market area;[327] Md. Farooq, a 32-year-old employee of a furniture shop; Md. Wasim Akram, a 22-year-old student of the Sociology Department at Chittagong College and an activist of Chatra Dal;[328] Faisal Ahmed Shanto, a 24-year-old student of Omargani M.E.S. College;[329] Sabuj Ali, a 25-year-old member of the Chhatra League and a student of Dhaka College;[330][331] and most notably, Abu Sayed, a 25-year-old student of the Department of English at Begum Rokeya University.[332][333]

During Complete Shutdown

[edit]

At least eleven people were reported killed on 18 July,[334] of which only three of which have had their names released: Siyam, an 18-year old worker at a battery shop in Gulistan;[64] Dipta Dey, a 21-year-old second-year student of Madaripur Government College;[335] and Farhan Faiyaaz, a 17-year-old student of Dhaka Residential Model College.[336]

Another four were killed in a clash between the police at Uttara, including two students of Northern University,[337][338] while one was killed in Narsingdi in a clash between police and students.[338]

Damages

[edit]
Mirpur-10 police box set ablaze by the agitators

The movement resulted in huge damage of various state properties in Bangladesh. According to a report by Bangladesh Sangbad Sangstha, at least thirty major state establishments experienced arson and severe damage. The state broadcaster, Bangladesh Television (BTV), was attacked and set on fire on 18 July 2024. The building suffered extensive damage, with several sections completely burnt.[3] Sheikh Hasina visited the site and expressed deep sorrow over the incident.[340] A major data center in Dhaka was set on fire, causing severe disruptions to internet and telecom services across the country and the loss of 70–80% of the country's bandwidth.[341] Arsons also occurred in the toll stations of Dhaka Elevated Expressway and Mayor Mohammed Hanif Flyover, and two Dhaka Metro stations, including the Mirpur-10 station.[205] Footage of Sheikh Hasina visiting the station and shedding tears on 25 July was criticised on social media, with users accusing her of failing to react similarly to the loss of life during the protests.[342]

According to Bangladesh Police, 235 police infrastructures and 281 vehicles were vandalized and set on fire.[343] On 19 July, a violent attack on Narsingdi District Jail resulted in a massive jailbreak. Armed assailants, allegedly linked to Jamaat-e-Islami and BNP by the government, stormed the prison, set fires, and broke open cell locks, allowing 826 prisoners, including nine militants, to escape. The attackers looted weapons, ammunition, and food supplies while causing extensive damage to the facility. Several prison guards were killed during the attack, and the attackers fled with the escaped prisoners.[344]

Bangladesh's economy suffered losses of over $1.2 billion as a result of the nationwide curfew and protests. Among the industries greatly affected were ready-made garments, steelmaking, pharmaceuticals, ceramics and outsourcing and e-commerce.[345]

Mass arrests and detentions

[edit]

The Bangladesh Police including Detective Branch (DB) and RAB arrested a large number of student protesters and members of opposition political parties. As of July 30, the total count reached over 9600.[u] On 23 July, plainclothes police arrest a non-protester HSC examinee after failing to find his elder brother.[352] On 26 July, plainclothes police officers detained three protest coordinators, namely Nahid Islam, Asif Mahmud and Abu Baker Majumder from Gonoshasthaya Kendra hospital. The three were receiving medical treatment for injuries they received from alleged beatings and torture while in prior police custody.[353] On 27 July, DB detained protest coordinators Sarjis Alam and Hasnat Abdullah.[354] On July 28, plainclothes police detained two more protest coordinators, namely Nusrat Tabassum and Arif Shohel.[355] These detained coordinators but Arif Shohel are the one who issued a statement from the DB office announcing the withdrawal of the protests. However, other coordinators of the Students Against Discrimination alleged that these individuals had been coerced by the DB into making the statement. The remaining coordinators announced to continue their protest.[245] After missing for days Arif Shohel and Asif Mahtab Utsha, a former teacher of BRAC University placed six-day remand each.[356] On July 29, police arrested at least 34 protesters including coordinators.[357]

On July 20, Nurul Haq Nur, associated with the 2018 Bangladesh quota reform movement, was arrested by police on charges of involvement in the 18 July arson attack on Setu Bhaban, although there were claims he was not involved. Some observers viewed the arrest as politically motivated.[v] Bangladeshi law mandates that an arrested person must be presented in court within 24 hours; failure to do so is considered an enforced disappearance.[360][361] According to Nur's wife, he was unaccounted for 40 hours before being brought to court, raising questions about the legality of his detention. She also alleged that Nur was tortured by law enforcers while in remand.[363][364]

On 27 July, Hasanatul Islam Faiyaz, a 17-year-old, was presented in a lower court in Dhaka and placed on a seven-day remand.[365] He was the 16th of 17 individuals charged in connection with the killing of a police officer near Matuail Hospital during the protests.[366] The charges included murder, concealment of the body, and theft of the officer's motorcycle. Although the case file listed Faiyaz's age as 19,[367] his birth certificate confirmed he was 17, born on 19 April 2007.[368] On July 28, the Chief Metropolitan Magistrate Court Judge Tahmina Haque canceled the remand order following an appeal, citing the incorrect age in the case file which violates UNCRC and the "Children's Act, 2013".[369]

Controversies

[edit]

Razakar remarks

[edit]
Students of the University of Rajshahi using the Razakar slogans on 14 July 2024 at 11:30 p.m. (BST)

On 14 July, during a press conference, Sheikh Hasina responded to a question about the anti-quota protests stating,

If the grandchildren of freedom fighters don't get quota benefits, will those then go to the grandchildren of the Razakars? That's my question to the countrymen.

Razakars were a Bengali paramilitary force during the Bangladesh Liberation War which collaborated with the Pakistani forces to halt the independence of Bangladesh. In modern-day Bangladesh, the term razakar is used as a pejorative, meaning "traitor" or "collaborator", similar to the usage of "Quisling" in the Western World.[370] Using the term razakar can be highly insulting in Bangladesh.[371]

In response to Sheikh Hasina's comment, in the early hours of 15 July, students began using new slogans out of anger such as "তুমি কে, আমি কে? রাজাকার, রাজাকার! কে বলেছে, কে বলেছে? স্বৈরাচার, স্বৈরাচার!" (lit. 'Who are you? Who am I? A Razakar, a Razakar! Who has said it? Who has said it? The Autocrat, the Autocrat!'),[w][372][373] "এক, দুই, তিন, চার, আমরা হলাম রাজাকার" (lit. 'One, two, three, four, we are all Rajakars'),[374] and "চাইতে গেলাম অধিকার, হয়ে গেলাম রাজাকার!" (lit. 'Sought for rights, got turned into a Razakar!')[x] protesters argued that the Prime Minister's statement indirectly labelled them as "Razakars" and demeaned them for advocating for quota reform,[374] which led them to adopt the slogan.[379]

The Bangladesh Chhatra League, the student wing of the ruling party Awami League, threatened that any protester using these slogans would face consequences, as they viewed these actions as something offensive to the spirit of the liberation war and freedom fighters. It also announced plans to take action if the usage of these slogans continued.[380][381] In light of these events, Sheikh Hasina questioned the education of the protesters.[382]

Usage of UN-marked vehicles

[edit]

Bangladesh Armed Forces used United Nations marked vehicles including APCs during a curfew imposed by the government.[383][384] Spokesperson of the UN secretary general, Stéphane Dujarric expressed concern over reports of UN-marked vehicles being used during the protests and stated that such vehicles should only be used for official UN peacekeeping or political missions, adding that he had raised the issue to the Bangladeshi government.[385] As of 1 August 2024, the United Nations continues to engage with the Bangladesh Army for its peacekeeping missions, with Bangladesh contributing the third-largest number of troops globally, totalling 5,614 personnel. This engagement persists despite ongoing concerns and reports regarding the country's governance practices.[386] On 24 June, Foreign Minister Hasan Mahmud told reporters that some vehicles were "rented to the UN peace mission" and the authorities had forgotten to remove the logos.[387][388] It is speculated that Bangladesh and its military may face potential sanctions from the Western countries and scrutiny from the International Criminal Court for deploying UN-marked vehicles to target unarmed protesters.[389]

Reactions

[edit]

Domestic

[edit]

Support

[edit]

Bangladesh's largest opposition party, the Bangladesh Nationalist Party, denounced the Chhatra League attacks on the protesters.[390] The Left Democratic Alliance also denounced the suppressions saying, "the government is delivering provocative speeches instead of recognizing logical changes in the quota system."[391]

Thirty eminent citizens of the country condemned the loss of lives in violent clashes during the protests.[392] Non-governmental organization Transparency International Bangladesh also denounced the suppressions.[393]

In an interview published on 14 August, nine days after the resignation of Sheikh Hasina, her son and the former IT advisor Sajeeb Wazed expressed that the stand of the fifth Hasina ministry on the quota system was wrong and they should have supported the protesters from the first.[394]

Oppose

[edit]

Muhammad Zafar Iqbal, a renowned Bangladeshi author and former professor at Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, remarked that he would not like to visit Dhaka University again, claiming he would see the "Razakars" in the students.[395] This statement sparked immense outrage and controversy among the supporters and the participants in the quota reform movement. Many online bookshops, including Rokomari.com, announced they would no longer sell or promote his literary works, removing his books from their websites.[396] Similarly, students of the university declared him a persona non grata.[397]

International

[edit]

Organisations

[edit]

Human Rights Watch urged the Bangladeshi government to "end the crisis, punish those committing serious crimes, and protect" protesting students. They also called for increased scrutiny of Bangladeshi security forces by the UK and the EU.[412]

UNICEF expressed concerns over the death of 32 children in the protests. Sanjay Wijesekera, UNICEF Regional Director for South Asia, urged swift measures to ensure that children can return to school.[289]

The All India Students Association denounced the violence and expressed their solidarity with student protesters.[413] The Awami Ittehad Party also condemned the violence and urged safety for the Indian nationals residing there.[414]

Amnesty International condemned the attacks against protesters and called on the government "to immediately guarantee the safety of all peaceful protesters and proper treatment of all those injured".[y]

Ma Thida, Chair of PEN International's Writers in Prison Committee, condemned the violence and called on the Bangladesh government to protect journalists and ensure their freedom of expression.[417][418]

International Federation for Human Rights and Odhikar urged the government to investigate the law enforcement crackdown and hold officers accountable for unnecessary or disproportionate force. They also called for an immediate, independent investigation into attacks on protesters by BCL members.[419]

Célia Mercier, Head of Reporters Without Borders's South Asia Desk, demanded that those responsible for the violent attacks on journalists be identified and brought to justice immediately. She also called on authorities to guarantee the safety of journalists and the right to information.[420]

The digital civil rights NGO Access Now urged the government for unrestricted internet access and transparency during disruptions, with service providers giving prior notification and explanations to users.[421]

[edit]

See also

[edit]

Footnotes

[edit]
  1. ↑ [35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50]
  2. ↑ [51][52][53][54][55][56]
  3. ↑ [32][62][63][64]
  4. ↑ [69][70][71][72]
  5. ↑ [73][74][75][76]
  6. ↑ [77][78][79][80][81]
  7. ↑ [86][87][88]
  8. ↑ [77][40][89][90]
  9. ↑ [91][92][2]
  10. ↑ [95][96][97][98]
  11. ↑ [109][110][111][112]
  12. ↑ Notre Dame College, Dhaka Residential Model College, RAJUK Uttara Model College, Adamjee Cantonment College, Viqarunnisa Noon School and College, Government Science College, Ideal School and College, Ideal College, Dhaka City College, BAF Shaheen College Dhaka, BAF Shaheen College Kurmitola, Birshrestha Noor Mohammad Public College, Birshreshtha Munshi Abdur Rauf Public College, Primeasia University, United International University, BRAC University, University of Liberal Arts Bangladesh, Ahsanullah University of Science and Technology, Dania College, Dr. Mahbubur Rahman Mollah College, State University of Bangladesh, Enam Medical College and Hospital, Bangladesh University of Business and Technology, Daffodil International University, North South University, American International University Bangladesh, Independent University, Bangladesh, Eastern University, City University, East West University, Southeast University, International University of Business Agriculture and Technology, BGMEA University of Fashion & Technology, Manarat International University, Dhaka International University
  13. ↑ [177][178][179]
  14. ↑ [195][196][197]
  15. ↑ [207] Subsequently, the protester students stormed the headquarters of the state-owned television network, Bangladesh Television, and committed an arson attack. The network halted its transmissions following the attack.[208][209][210][211]
  16. ↑ [217][218][219]
  17. ↑ [252][253]
  18. ↑ [307][308][309][310]
  19. ↑ [311][312][313]
  20. ↑ [314][315][316]
  21. ↑ [346][51][52][53][54] As of July 31, 2024, 86.84% of those detained in Dhaka were protester and non-protester without any political affiliation, whereas 13.15% of those were members of various opposition parties.[347] Police arrest people from protests and also from block raids at night after shutting down electricity and internet at targeted areas.[348] Police also arrest random passersby from the street especially targeting students, for Facebook posts and showing farewell hand gesture to helicopter.[349][350][348][351]
  22. ↑ [358][359] The court denied him bail and ordered his detention following a 5-day remand. According to his wife, who spoke to the media, Nur was in good health before his arrest. Upon his release from remand on 26 July, he appeared to be in significant pain and unable to stand without assistance, suggesting he had been tortured and beaten.[360][361][362]
  23. ↑ In some version, সরকার (lit. 'Government') is used instead of স্বৈরাচার (lit. 'Autocrat').
  24. ↑ In some version, চেয়েছিলাম is used instead of চাইতে গেলাম but the meaning remains unchanged.[375][376][377][378]
  25. ↑ [415][416][398]

References

[edit]
  1. ↑ "Remittance boycott putting significant pressure on reserves". Dhaka Tribune. 30 July 2024.
  2. 1 2 3 "Social media off-limits indefinitely". The Daily Star. 26 July 2024. Archived from the original on 26 July 2024. Retrieved 26 July 2024.
  3. 1 2 BBC News বাংলা (18 July 2024). রামপুরা রণক্ষেত্র, বিটিভি ভবনে আগুন, সবশেষ পরিস্থিতি।BBC Bangla (in Bengali). Archived from the original on 18 July 2024. Retrieved 18 July 2024 – via YouTube.
  4. ↑ "Sheikh Hasina: Who is Bangladesh's controversial prime minister?". BBC News. Archived from the original on 5 August 2024. Retrieved 5 August 2024.
  5. ↑ "What We Know About the Ouster of Bangladesh's Leader". The New York Times. 5 August 2024. Archived from the original on 6 August 2024. Retrieved 6 August 2024.
  6. ↑ "Witnessing the quota reform protests as a high school student". The Daily Star. 25 July 2024. Archived from the original on 4 August 2024. Retrieved 27 July 2024.
  7. ↑ "Lawyers stage 'March for Justice' at Dhaka lower courts". Dhaka Tribune. 31 July 2024.
  8. ↑ "It's criminal offence against people: Lawyers". Prothom Alo. 30 July 2024. Archived from the original on 2 August 2024. Retrieved 2 August 2024.
  9. ↑ "BNP lends support to anti-quota, pension protests". The Daily Star. 6 July 2024. Archived from the original on 16 July 2024. Retrieved 16 July 2024.
  10. ↑ "BNP morally supports protests over pension scheme, quota system: Fakhrul". The Financial Express. Retrieved 16 July 2024.
  11. ↑ ছাত্র আন্দোলনের প্রতি পূর্ণ সমর্থন জামায়াতের [Jamaat declared full support to student movement]. Jugantor (in Bengali). Retrieved 18 July 2024.
  12. ↑ ""No to Military Rule" in Bangladesh!". 5 August 2024. Archived from the original on 6 August 2024. Retrieved 6 August 2024.
  13. ↑ "Interview on student movement in Bangladesh". Yeni Demokrasi. 22 August 2024. Archived from the original on 24 August 2024. Retrieved 25 August 2024.
  14. ↑ "Shahbagh metro station closed amid quota reform protests". Dhaka Tribune. 11 July 2024.
  15. ↑ Hasnat, Saif; Das, Anupreeta (16 July 2024). "Bangladesh Deploys Border Force to Try to Quell Student Protests". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 4 August 2024. Retrieved 17 July 2024.
  16. ↑ "Govt deploys BGB troops in 4 districts". Daily Sun. 16 July 2024. Archived from the original on 4 August 2024. Retrieved 16 July 2024.
  17. ↑ "Bangladesh deploys army to face down massive job quota protests". Reuters. 20 July 2024.
  18. ↑ "Bangladesh army enforces curfew as student-led protests spiral". NBC News. 20 July 2024. Archived from the original on 20 July 2024. Retrieved 20 July 2024.
  19. ↑ কোটা সংস্কার আন্দোলনকারীদের রুখে দেওয়ার ঘোষণা যুবলীগের. Daily Kalbela (in Bengali). Archived from the original on 18 July 2024. Retrieved 16 July 2024.
  20. ↑ "Pro-quota groups suspend program after 2-hour sit-in". Dhaka Tribune. 10 July 2024. Retrieved 25 July 2024.
  21. ↑ "None to be spared for committing subversive acts: Home minister". Prothom Alo. 16 July 2024. Archived from the original on 16 July 2024. Retrieved 16 July 2024.
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  356. 1 2 Desh Rupantor (26 July 2024). রি-মা-ন্ড শেষে পুলিশের কাঁধে চড়ে খালি পায়ে আদালতে নুর, বাবা ও স্ত্রীর কা'ন্না | Nurul Haq Nur. Retrieved 26 July 2024 – via YouTube.
  357. 1 2 সেতু ভবনে নাশকতা: নুর কারাগারে, রিমান্ডে নির্যাতনের অভিযোগ. bdnews24.com (in Bengali). Retrieved 26 July 2024.
  358. ↑ "Kazipara metro station attack: Rizvi, Nur among 8 placed on remand". 28 July 2024.
  359. ↑ "Law enforcers torture Nur in remand: wife". New Age. Retrieved 28 July 2024.
  360. ↑ রিমান্ড শেষে কারাগারে ডাকসুর সাবেক ভিপি নুর. The Daily Star (in Bengali). 26 July 2024.
  361. ↑ "Dhaka College student Faiyaz's remand cancelled". The Daily Star. 28 July 2024.
  362. ↑ "17-year-old student Faiyaz put on 7-day remand". New Age. 28 July 2024.
  363. ↑ "Teen's remand in police killing case cancelled". Dhaka Tribune. 28 July 2024.
  364. ↑ "Remand of Dhaka College student Faiyaz cancelled". The Daily Observer. 28 July 2024.
  365. ↑ "Remand suspended for 17-year-old in police killing case". The Business Standard. 28 July 2024.
  366. ↑ "Who were the Razakars and why are they central to Bangladesh protests?". Al Jazeera. 22 July 2024.
  367. ↑ "'We are Razakars': What is this loaded term used by student protesters that has irked Bangladesh govt?". Firstpost. 19 July 2024. Retrieved 5 August 2024.
  368. ↑ মধ্যরাতে 'তুমি কে, আমি কে, রাজাকার রাজাকার' স্লোগানে উত্তাল ঢাকা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়. Jaijaidin (in Bengali). 15 July 2024.
  369. ↑ "Protest erupts at Dhaka University over PM's quota remarks". Dhaka Tribune. 15 July 2024.
  370. 1 2 "Quota protesters call for procession at DU". Daily Sun. 15 July 2024.
  371. ↑ মধ্যরাতে স্লোগানে স্লোগানে উত্তাল ঢাবিসহ বিভিন্ন বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় 'চেয়েছিলাম অধিকার হয়ে গেলাম রাজাকার'. Bonik Barta (in Bengali). 15 July 2024.
  372. ↑ "PM's Quota Remark: Late-night protests rock DU, other universities". The Daily Star. 15 July 2024.
  373. ↑ "PM's comment: DU students return to halls after protest". The Daily Star. 15 July 2024. Retrieved 16 July 2024.
  374. ↑ "After violent protests, student leaders in 'police custody' end protest movement in Bangladesh". Anadolu Agency. 28 July 2024.
  375. ↑ "Students demand PM withdraw comment on quota reform protesters". Dhaka Tribune. 15 July 2024.
  376. ↑ "Quota protesters call demo at 12pm, BCL calls sit-in at 3pm". Prothom Alo. 15 July 2024.
  377. ↑ "Why are hundreds of students protesting in Bangladesh?". The Times of India.
  378. ↑ "They don't feel ashamed to call themselves Rajakars: PM". The Business Standard. 15 July 2024.
  379. ↑ "Bangladesh says it forgot to remove UN logos from vehicles as it contained unrest". CNA. 25 July 2024. Retrieved 27 July 2024.
  380. ↑ "Bangladesh says it forgot to remove UN logos from vehicles as it contained unrest". Reuters. 25 July 2024. Retrieved 27 July 2024.
  381. 1 2 "Daily Press Briefing by the Office of the Spokesperson for the Secretary-General". United Nations. 22 July 2024.
  382. ↑ "Troop and police contributors". United Nations Peacekeeping. Retrieved 3 August 2024.
  383. ↑ "Bangladesh says it forgot to remove UN logos from vehicles as it contained unrest". The Indian Express. 25 July 2024. Retrieved 27 July 2024.
  384. ↑ "Troop and police contributors". MSN. Retrieved 27 July 2024.
  385. ↑ "Bangladesh minister defends gov't response to protests amid calls for probe". Al Jazeera. 25 July 2024. Retrieved 27 July 2024.
  386. ↑ "BNP denounces BCL's attack on anti-quota protestors". The Business Standard. 16 July 2024.
  387. ↑ ক্ষমতাসীনদের উসকানিমূলক বক্তব্যের কারণেই এই সংকট: বাম গণতান্ত্রিক জোট. Prothom Alo (in Bengali). 16 July 2024. Retrieved 17 July 2024.
  388. ↑ "Quota protest: 30 eminent citizens condemn loss of lives in clashes, demand probe". The Business Standard. 16 July 2024. Retrieved 16 July 2024.
  389. ↑ শিক্ষার্থীদের আন্দোলনে বলপ্রয়োগের নিন্দা টিআইবির. Banik Barta (in Bengali). Retrieved 16 July 2024.
  390. ↑ Chopra, Ritika (14 August 2024). "Bangladesh unrest: Govt should have spoken out against quota earlier, met protesters, says Hasina son". The Indian Express.
  391. ↑ "'I don't want to go to Dhaka University anymore': Author Zafar Iqbal comments amidst ongoing student protests". The Daily Star. 16 July 2024.
  392. ↑ "Online bookshops ban Zafar Iqbal over 'controversial' statement". New Age. 17 July 2024.
  393. ↑ "Dr Zafar Iqbal declared unwanted at SUST -". Retrieved 18 July 2024.
  394. 1 2 Hasib, Nurul Islam (16 July 2024). "US condemns attack on quota reform protesters in Bangladesh". bdnews24.com.
  395. ↑ "Quota reform protests: Dhaka disappointed by Washington's unverified claims". Dhaka Tribune. 16 July 2024.
  396. ↑ "Congressman Andy Kim's Statement Condemning Violence against Student Protestors in Bangladesh". kim.house.gov. 19 July 2024.
  397. ↑ "Student protests in Bangladesh, July 2024: FCDO Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State's statement". gov.uk. 18 July 2024.
  398. ↑ "China 'heartened' as Bangladesh rebounds from recent unrest". Retrieved 1 August 2024.
  399. ↑ Bhattacherjee, Kallol (19 July 2024). "Jaishankar tracking Bangladesh protests 'closely': MEA". The Hindu.
  400. ↑ "Bangladesh protests its internal matter, India committed to citizens' safety: MEA". The Indian Express. 20 July 2024. Retrieved 1 August 2024.
  401. ↑ "UN Chief Antonio Guterres expresses concern over violence in Bangladesh". Business Standard. 15 July 2024. Archived from the original on 10 November 2024.
  402. ↑ "Quota reform movement: UN urges govt to ensure students' safety". The Daily Star. 17 July 2024.
  403. ↑ "UN human rights chief urges govt to engage with student protesters". Prothom Alo. 17 July 2024.
  404. ↑ "World reacts to Bangladesh PM Sheikh Hasina's removal from power". Al Jazeera. 5 August 2024. Retrieved 5 August 2024.
  405. ↑ "EU envoy: Everyone wants to see a quick resolution of present situation". Dhaka Tribune. 18 July 2024.
  406. ↑ "We want to see a quick resolution of present situation: EU envoy". The Daily Star. 18 July 2024.
  407. ↑ "EU slams 'use of excessive force' against Bangladesh protesters". Al Arabiya English. 30 July 2024.
  408. ↑ "Bangladesh: Security Forces Target Unarmed Students". Human Rights Watch. 22 July 2024.
  409. ↑ "AISA Stands with Student Protestors in Bangladesh". AISA. 17 July 2024. Retrieved 18 July 2024.
  410. ↑ "AIP condemns violence against students in Bangladesh, urge safety for Indian nationals". Rising Kashmir. 20 July 2024.
  411. ↑ "Bangladesh: Witness testimony, video and photographic analysis confirm police used unlawful force against protesters". Amnesty International. 17 July 2024.
  412. ↑ "Amnesty International strongly denounce attacks on quota reform protesters". Prothom Alo. 16 July 2024.
  413. ↑ "Bangladesh: PEN International condemns violence and calls for protection of journalists as protests escalate". IFEX (organization). 21 July 2024.
  414. ↑ "Bangladesh: PEN International condemns violence and calls for protection of journalists as protests escalate". PEN International. 19 July 2024.
  415. ↑ "Bangladesh: Attacks and killings of peaceful student protesters strongly condemned". FIDH. 18 July 2024.
  416. ↑ "Deadly protests in Bangladesh: RSF demands authorities shed light on death of journalist Mehedi Hasan". Reporters Without Borders. 19 July 2024.
  417. ↑ "#KeepItOn: Bangladesh's government must restore internet access, ensure connectivity during student protests". Access Now. 19 July 2024.
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