36th United States Congress

36th United States Congress
36th United States Congress
35th ← → 37th
	United States Capitol (1860)
March 4, 1859 – March 4, 1861
Members	66 senators; 238 representatives; 5 non-voting delegates
Senate majority	Democratic; (until February 4, 1861); Republican; (from February 4, 1861)
Senate President	John C. Breckinridge (D)
House majority	Republican-led coalition
House Speaker	William Pennington (R)
Sessions
	Special: March 4, 1859 – March 10, 1859; 1st: December 5, 1859 – June 26, 1860; Special: June 26, 1860 – June 28, 1860; 2nd: December 3, 1860 – March 4, 1861

1859-1861 U.S. Congress

The 36th United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, consisting of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met in Washington, D.C. from March 4, 1859, to March 4, 1861, during the third and fourth years of James Buchanan's presidency. The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the 1850 United States census. The Senate had a Democratic majority, and the House had a Republican plurality.

Major events

June 8, 1859: Comstock Lode discovered in the western Utah Territory (present-day Nevada)
August 27, 1859: First oil well was drilled in the United States, near Titusville, Pennsylvania
October 16–18, 1859: John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry
December 2, 1859 John Brown executed.
December 5, 1859 – February 1, 1860: The election for the House speakership takes 44 ballots
April 3, 1860: Pony Express began its first run
April 23 – May 3, 1860: Democratic National Convention held in Charleston, South Carolina.^[1] Unable to agree on a nominee, the delegates voted to reconvene in June.^[2]
May 9, 1860: Constitutional Union Party National Convention held in Baltimore, Maryland, nominating John Bell for president.^[3]
May 18, 1860: Republican National Convention held in Chicago, Illinois, nominating Abraham Lincoln for president.
June 18–23, 1860: Democratic Party reconvened in Baltimore, Maryland, nominating Stephen A. Douglas for president.^[2]
June 26–28, 1860: Southern Democrats held a convention in Richmond, Virginia, nominating John C. Breckinridge for president.^[2]
November 6, 1860: U.S. presidential election: Abraham Lincoln beat John C. Breckinridge, Stephen A. Douglas, and John Bell.
December 20, 1860: South Carolina Secession Convention enacted an Ordinance of Secession^[4]^[5]
January 3, 1861: Delaware Secession Convention voted not to secede from the Union^[6]
January 9, 1861: Mississippi Secession Convention enacted an Ordinance of Secession^[7]^[5]
January 10, 1861: Florida Secession Convention enacted an Ordinance of Secession^[8]^[5]
January 11, 1861: Alabama Secession Convention enacted an Ordinance of Secession^[9]^[5]
January 18, 1861: Georgia Secession Convention enacted an Ordinance of Secession^[10]^[5]
January 26, 1861: Louisiana Secession Convention enacted an Ordinance of Secession^[11]^[5]
January 29, 1861. Kansas admitted to the Union as a free state.
February 1, 1861: Texas Secession Convention enacted an Ordinance of Secession^[12]^[5]
February 13, 1861: Joint Session of Congress certified the election of President Abraham Lincoln and Vice President Hannibal Hamlin.^[13]
February 23, 1861: The people of Texas ratified its Ordinance of Secession^[12] President-elect Abraham Lincoln arrived secretly in Washington, D.C. after an alleged assassination plot in Baltimore, Maryland.

Major legislation

June 16, 1860: Pacific Telegraph Act of 1860, ch. 147, 12 Stat. 41
March 2, 1861: Morrill Tariff, ch. 68, 12 Stat. 178
December 18, 1860 (introduced): Crittenden Compromise, rejected by the House of Representatives and the Senate

Constitutional amendments

March 2, 1861: Approved an amendment to the United States Constitution that would shield "domestic institutions" of the states (which in 1861 included slavery) from the constitutional amendment process and from abolition or interference by Congress, and submitted it to the state legislatures for ratification 12 Stat. 251
- This amendment, commonly known as the Corwin Amendment, has not been ratified and is still pending before the states.

Treaties

March 8, 1859: Quinault Treaty ratified, 12 Stat. 927
March 8, 1859: Point No Point Treaty ratified, 12 Stat. 933

January 29, 1861: Kansas admitted as a state, ch. 20, 12 Stat. 126
February 28, 1861: Colorado Territory organized, ch. 59, 12 Stat. 172
March 2, 1861: Nevada Territory organized, ch. 83, 12 Stat. 209
March 2, 1861: Dakota Territory organized, ch. 86, 12 Stat. 239

Party summary

Senate membership
Begin (March 4, 1859)
End (March 3, 1861)

House membership
Begin (March 4, 1859)
End (March 3, 1861)

Senate

	Party (shading shows control)				Total	Vacant

	Know Nothing (A)	Democratic (D)	Republican (R)	Other
End of previous congress	4	42	20	0	66	0

Begin	2	38	25	0	65	1
End	2	25	26	0	53	15
Final voting share	3.8%	47.2%	49.1%	0.0%

Beginning of next congress	0	22	29	1^[c]	52	16

House of Representatives

	Party (shading shows control)							Total	Vacant

	Know Nothing (A)	Democratic (D)	Anti- Lecompton Democratic (ALD)	Independent Democratic (ID)	Opposition (O)	Republican (R)	Other
End of previous congress	14	130	0	1	0	92	0	237	0

Begin	5	83	8	7	19	113	0	235	2
End	5	59	7	7	17	115	0	210	28
Final voting share	2.4%	28.1%	3.3%	3.3%	8.1%	54.8%	0.0%

Beginning of next congress	0	44	0	1	0	108	25^[d]	178	62

Senate

President: John C. Breckinridge (D)
President pro tempore: Benjamin Fitzpatrick (D), until February 26, 1860
- Jesse D. Bright (D), June 12–26, 1860
- Benjamin Fitzpatrick (D), June 26, 1860 – December 2, 1860
- Solomon Foot (R), elected February 16, 1861

House of Representatives

Speaker: William Pennington (R), elected February 1, 1860, after 44 rounds of balloting^[14]
Democratic Caucus Chairman: George S. Houston

Members

This list is arranged by chamber, then by state. Senators are listed by class, and representatives are listed by district.

Skip to House of Representatives, below

Senate

Senators were elected by the state legislatures every two years, with one-third beginning new six-year terms with each Congress. Preceding the names in the list below are Senate class numbers, which indicate the cycle of their election. In this Congress, Class 1 meant their term began in the last Congress, requiring reelection in 1862; Class 2 meant their term began with this Congress, requiring reelection in 1864; and Class 3 meant their term ended with this Congress, requiring reelection in 1860.

▌Milton Latham (D), from March 5, 1860

▌3. William M. Gwin (D)

▌2. William Pitt Fessenden (R)

▌2. John Hemphill (D)

House of Representatives

The names of representatives are preceded by their district numbers.

Alabama

▌1. James A. Stallworth (D), until January 21, 1861

▌2. James L. Pugh (D), until January 21, 1861

▌3. David Clopton (D), until January 21, 1861

▌4. Sydenham Moore (D), until January 21, 1861

▌5. George S. Houston (D), until January 21, 1861

▌6. Williamson R. W. Cobb (D), until January 30, 1861

▌7. Jabez L. M. Curry (D), until January 21, 1861

▌3. Alfred A. Burnham (R)

▌4. Orris S. Ferry (R)

▌3. Thomas Hardeman Jr. (O), until January 23, 1861

▌4. Lucius J. Gartrell (D), until January 23, 1861

▌5. John W. H. Underwood (D), until January 23, 1861

▌6. James Jackson (D), until January 23, 1861

▌7. Joshua Hill (O), until January 23, 1861

▌8. John J. Jones (D), until January 23, 1861

Illinois

▌1. Elihu B. Washburne (R)

▌2. John F. Farnsworth (R)

▌3. Owen Lovejoy (R)

▌4. William Kellogg (R)

▌5. Isaac N. Morris (D)

▌6. John A. McClernand (D), from November 8, 1859

▌7. James C. Robinson (D)

▌8. Philip B. Fouke (D)

▌9. John A. Logan (D)

Indiana

▌1. William E. Niblack (D)

▌2. William H. English (D)

▌3. William McKee Dunn (R)

▌4. William S. Holman (D)

▌5. David Kilgore (R)

▌6. Albert G. Porter (R)

▌7. John G. Davis (ALD)

▌8. James Wilson (R)

▌9. Schuyler Colfax (R)

▌10. Charles Case (R)

▌11. John U. Pettit (R)

▌3. Francis Bristow (O)

▌4. William C. Anderson (O)

▌5. John Y. Brown (D), from December 3, 1860

▌6. Green Adams (O)

▌7. Robert Mallory (O)

▌8. William E. Simms (D)

▌9. Laban T. Moore (O)

▌10. John W. Stevenson (D)

Louisiana

▌1. John E. Bouligny (A)

▌2. Miles Taylor (D), until February 5, 1861

▌3. Thomas G. Davidson (D)

▌4. John M. Landrum (D)

Maine

▌1. Daniel E. Somes (R)

▌2. John J. Perry (R)

▌3. Ezra B. French (R)

▌4. Freeman H. Morse (R)

▌5. Israel Washburn Jr. (R), until January 1, 1861

▌Stephen Coburn (R), from January 2, 1861

▌6. Stephen C. Foster (R)

Maryland

▌1. James A. Stewart (D)

▌2. Edwin H. Webster (A)

▌3. J. Morrison Harris (A)

▌4. Henry Winter Davis (A)

▌5. Jacob M. Kunkel (D)

▌6. George W. Hughes (D)

Massachusetts

▌1. Thomas D. Eliot (R)

▌2. James Buffington (R)

▌3. Charles F. Adams Sr. (R)

▌4. Alexander H. Rice (R)

▌5. Anson Burlingame (R)

▌6. John B. Alley (R)

▌7. Daniel W. Gooch (R)

▌8. Charles R. Train (R)

▌9. Eli Thayer (R)

▌10. Charles Delano (R)

▌11. Henry L. Dawes (R)

Michigan

▌1. George B. Cooper (D), until May 15, 1860

▌William A. Howard (R), from May 15, 1860

▌2. Henry Waldron (R)

▌3. Francis W. Kellogg (R)

▌4. Dewitt C. Leach (R)

Minnesota

Both representatives were elected statewide on a general ticket.
(2 Republicans)

▌At-large. Cyrus Aldrich (R)

▌At-large. William Windom (R)

Mississippi

▌1. Lucius Q. C. Lamar (D), until December 20, 1860

▌2. Reuben Davis (D), until January 12, 1861

▌3. William Barksdale (D), until January 12, 1861

▌4. Otho R. Singleton (D), until January 12, 1861

▌5. John J. McRae (D), until January 12, 1861

Missouri

▌1. John R. Barret (D), until June 8, 1860

▌Francis P. Blair Jr. (R), June 8, 1860 – June 25, 1860

▌John R. Barret (D), from December 3, 1860

▌2. Thomas L. Anderson (ID)

▌3. John B. Clark (D)

▌4. James Craig (D)

▌5. Samuel H. Woodson (A)

▌6. John S. Phelps (D)

▌7. John W. Noell (D)

▌31. Silas M. Burroughs (R), until June 3, 1860

▌Edwin R. Reynolds (R), from December 5, 1860

▌32. Elbridge G. Spaulding (R)

▌33. Reuben Fenton (R)

North Carolina

▌1. William N. H. Smith (O)

▌2. Thomas Ruffin (D)

▌3. Warren Winslow (D)

▌4. Lawrence O'Bryan Branch (D)

▌5. John Gilmer (O)

▌6. James M. Leach (O)

▌7. F. Burton Craige (D)

▌8. Zebulon Vance (O)

Ohio

▌1. George H. Pendleton (D)

▌2. John A. Gurley (R)

▌3. Clement Vallandigham (D)

▌4. William Allen (D)

▌5. James M. Ashley (R)

▌6. William Howard (D)

▌7. Thomas Corwin (R)

▌8. Benjamin Stanton (R)

▌9. John Carey (R)

▌10. Carey A. Trimble (R)

▌11. Charles D. Martin (D)

▌12. Samuel S. Cox (D)

▌13. John Sherman (R)

▌14. Cyrus Spink (R), until May 31, 1859

▌Harrison G. O. Blake (R), from October 11, 1859

▌15. William Helmick (R)

▌16. Cydnor B. Tompkins (R)

▌17. Thomas C. Theaker (R)

▌18. Sidney Edgerton (R)

▌19. Edward Wade (R)

▌20. John Hutchins (R)

▌21. John Bingham (R)

Oregon

▌At-large. Lansing Stout (D)

Pennsylvania

▌1. Thomas B. Florence (D)

▌2. Edward Joy Morris (R)

▌3. John P. Verree (R)

▌4. William Millward (R)

▌5. John Wood (R)

▌6. John Hickman (ALD)

▌7. Henry C. Longnecker (R)

▌8. John Schwartz (ALD), until June 20, 1860

▌Jacob K. McKenty (D), from December 3, 1860

▌9. Thaddeus Stevens (R)

▌10. John W. Killinger (R)

▌11. James H. Campbell (R)

▌12. George W. Scranton (R)

▌13. William H. Dimmick (D)

▌14. Galusha A. Grow (R)

▌15. James T. Hale (R)

▌16. Benjamin F. Junkin (R)

▌17. Edward McPherson (R)

▌18. Samuel S. Blair (R)

▌19. John Covode (R)

▌20. William Montgomery (D)

▌21. James K. Moorhead (R)

▌22. Robert McKnight (R)

▌23. William Stewart (R)

▌24. Chapin Hall (R)

▌25. Elijah Babbitt (R)

Rhode Island

▌1. Christopher Robinson (R)

▌2. William D. Brayton (R)

South Carolina

▌1. John McQueen (D), until December 21, 1860

▌2. William P. Miles (D), until December 21, 1860

▌3. Laurence M. Keitt (D), until December 1860

▌4. Milledge L. Bonham (D), until December 21, 1860

▌5. John D. Ashmore (D), until December 21, 1860

▌6. William W. Boyce (D), until December 21, 1860

Tennessee

▌1. Thomas A. R. Nelson (O)

▌2. Horace Maynard (O)

▌3. Reese B. Brabson (O)

▌4. William B. Stokes (O)

▌5. Robert H. Hatton (O)

▌6. James H. Thomas (D)

▌7. John V. Wright (D)

▌8. James M. Quarles (O)

▌9. Emerson Etheridge (O)

▌10. William T. Avery (D)

Texas

▌1. John H. Reagan (D)

▌2. Andrew J. Hamilton (ID)

Vermont

▌1. Eliakim P. Walton (R)

▌2. Justin S. Morrill (R)

▌3. Homer E. Royce (R)

Virginia

▌1. Muscoe R. H. Garnett (D)

▌2. John S. Millson (D)

▌3. Daniel C. De Jarnette (ID)

▌4. William Goode (D), until July 3, 1859

▌Roger A. Pryor (D), from December 7, 1859

▌5. Thomas S. Bocock (D)

▌6. Shelton Leake (ID)

▌7. William Smith (D)

▌8. Alexander Boteler (O)

▌9. John T. Harris (ID)

▌10. Sherrard Clemens (D)

▌11. Albert G. Jenkins (D)

▌12. Henry A. Edmundson (D)

▌13. Elbert S. Martin (ID)

Wisconsin

▌1. John F. Potter (R)

▌2. Cadwallader C. Washburn (R)

▌3. Charles H. Larrabee (D)

Non-voting members

▌Kansas Territory. Marcus J. Parrott (R), until January 29, 1861

Nebraska Territory. Experience Estabrook, until May 18, 1860

▌Samuel G. Daily (R), from May 18, 1860

▌New Mexico Territory. Miguel A. Otero (D)

▌Utah Territory. William H. Hooper (D)

▌Washington Territory. Isaac Stevens (D)

Changes in membership

The count below reflects changes from the beginning of the first session of this Congress.

Senate

Replacements: 4
- Democrats (D): no net change
- Republicans (R): no net change
Deaths: 1
Resignations: 1
Interim appointments: 1
Withdrawals: 13
Total seats with changes: 16

Senate changes
State (class)	Vacated by	Reason for change	Successor	Date of successor's formal installation^[e]
Oregon (2)	Vacant	Successor elected late due to legislature's failure to elect.	Edward D. Baker (R)	October 2, 1860
California (1)	David C. Broderick (D)	Died September 16, 1859, after taking part in a duel he participated in, which he was unlucky. Interim successor was appointed to continue the term.	Henry P. Haun (D)	November 3, 1859
Texas (1)	Matthias Ward (D)	Interim appointee lost nomination to finish the term Successor elected December 5, 1859.	Louis Wigfall (D)	December 5, 1859
California (1)	Henry P. Haun (D)	Interim appointee lost election to finish the term Successor elected March 5, 1860.	Milton Latham (D)	March 5, 1860
South Carolina (2)	James Chesnut Jr. (D)	Withdrew November 10, 1860.	Vacant	Not filled this Congress
South Carolina (3)	James H. Hammond (D)	Withdrew November 11, 1860.	Vacant	Not filled this Congress
Mississippi (2)	Albert G. Brown (D)	Withdrew January 12, 1861.	Vacant	Not filled this Congress
Maine (1)	Hannibal Hamlin (R)	Resigned January 17, 1861, to become Vice President of the United States. Successor elected January 17, 1861.	Lot M. Morrill (R)	January 17, 1861
Alabama (3)	Benjamin Fitzpatrick (D)	Withdrew January 21, 1861.	Vacant	Not filled this Congress
Alabama (2)	Clement C. Clay (D)	Withdrew January 21, 1861.	Vacant	Not filled this Congress
Florida (1)	Stephen Mallory (D)	Withdrew January 21, 1861.	Vacant	Not filled this Congress
Florida (3)	David L. Yulee (D)	Withdrew January 21, 1861.	Vacant	Not filled this Congress
Mississippi (1)	Jefferson Davis (D)	Withdrew January 21, 1861.	Vacant	Not filled this Congress
Georgia (3)	Alfred Iverson Sr. (D)	Withdrew January 28, 1861.	Vacant	Not filled this Congress
Kansas (2)	New seat	New state admitted to the Union January 29, 1861 Senator was not elected until the next Congress.	Vacant	Not filled this Congress
Kansas (3)	New seat	New state admitted to the Union January 29, 1861 Senator was not elected until the next Congress.	Vacant	Not filled this Congress
Georgia (2)	Robert Toombs (D)	Withdrew February 4, 1861.	Vacant	Not filled this Congress
Louisiana (2)	Judah P. Benjamin (D)	Withdrew February 4, 1861.	Vacant	Not filled this Congress
Louisiana (3)	John Slidell (D)	Withdrew February 4, 1861.	Vacant	Not filled this Congress
Tennessee (2)	Alfred O. P. Nicholson (D)	Withdrew March 3, 1861.	Vacant	Not filled this Congress

Committees

Lists of committees and their party leaders.

Senate

Alter and Improve Senate Chamber (Select)
Amendments to the Constitution (Select)
Audit and Control the Contingent Expenses of the Senate (Chairman: Andrew Johnson)
Banks of the District of Columbia (Select)
Circulation of Bank Notes in the District of Columbia (Select)
Claims (Chairman: Alfred Iverson Jr.)
Commerce (Chairman: Clement Claiborne Clay)
Comptroller William Medill (Select)
Distributing Public Revenue Among the States (Select)
District of Columbia (Chairman: Albert G. Brown)
Duties of Imports (Select)
Finance (Chairman: Robert M. T. Hunter)
Foreign Relations (Chairman: James M. Mason)
French Spoilations (Select)
Harpers Ferry Invasion (Select)
Indian Affairs (Chairman: William K. Sebastian)
Judiciary (Chairman: James A. Bayard Jr.)
Memorial of Houmas Lands Settlers (Select)
Military Affairs (Chairman: Jefferson Davis)
Naval Affairs (Chairman: Stephen Mallory)
Ordnance and War Ships (Select)
Pacific Railroad (Select)
Patents and the Patent Office (Chairman: William Bigler)
Pensions (Chairman: N/A)
Post Office and Post Roads (Chairman: N/A)
Printing (Chairman: N/A)
Public Printing Investigation (Select)
Private Land Claims (Chairman: N/A)
Public Lands (Chairman: Robert W. Johnson)
Retrenchment (Chairman: N/A)
Revolutionary Claims (Chairman: N/A)
Tariff Regulation (Select)
Territories (Chairman: N/A)
Thirteen on the Disturbed Condition of the Country (Select)
Whole

House of Representatives

Accounts (Chairman: Francis E. Spinner)
Agriculture (Chairman: Martin Butterfield)
Claims (Chairman: John Hickman)
Commerce (Chairman: Elihu B. Washburne)
District of Columbia (Chairman: Luther C. Carter)
Elections (Chairman: John A. Gilmer)
Engraving (Chairman: Garnett B. Adrain)
Expenditures in the Interior Department (Chairman: N/A)
Expenditures in the Navy Department (Chairman: Robert Hatton)
Expenditures in the Post Office Department (Chairman: George W. Palmer)
Expenditures in the State Department (Chairman: James B. McKean)
Expenditures in the Treasury Department (Chairman: Dwight Loomis)
Expenditures in the War Department (Chairman: William Stewart)
Expenditures on Public Buildings (Chairman: William D. Brayton)
Foreign Affairs (Chairman: Thomas Corwin)
Indian Affairs (Chairman: Emerson Etheridge)
Invalid Pensions (Chairman: Reuben E. Fenton)
Judiciary (Chairman: John Hickman)
Manufactures (Chairman: Charles F. Adams)
Mileage (Chairman: John D. Ashmore)
Military Affairs (Chairman: Benjamin Stanton)
Militia (Chairman: Cydnor B. Tompkins)
Naval Affairs (Chairman: Freeman H. Morse)
Patents (Chairman: William Millward)
Post Office and Post Roads (Chairman: Schuyler Colfax)
Private Land Claims (Chairman: Cadwallader C. Washburn)
Public Buildings and Grounds (Chairman: Charles R. Train)
Public Expenditures (Chairman: John B. Haskin)
Public Lands (Chairman: Eli Thayer)
Revisal and Unfinished Business (Chairman: John A. Logan)
Revolutionary Claims (Chairman: George N. Briggs)
Revolutionary Pensions (Chairman: John F. Potter)
Roads and Canals (Chairman: Robert Mallory)
Rules (Select)
Standards of Official Conduct
Territories (Chairman: Galusha A. Grow)
Ways and Means (Chairman: John Sherman)
Whole

Joint committees

Enrolled Bills (Chairman: Sen. Henry Haun then Sen. Willard Saulsbury Sr.)
The Library (Chairman: Rep. John U. Pettit)
Printing (Chairman: Rep. John A. Gurley)
Making Arrangements for Inaugurating Washington's Statue

Caucuses

Democratic (House)
Democratic (Senate)

Employees

Legislative branch agency directors

Senate

Chaplain: Stephen P. Hill (Baptist), until December 15, 1859
- Phineas D. Gurley (Presbyterian), elected December 15, 1859
Secretary: Asbury Dickins
Sergeant at Arms: Dunning R. McNair

House of Representatives

Clerk: James C. Allen, until February 3, 1860
- John W. Forney, elected February 3, 1860
Chaplain: None
Doorkeeper: Robert B. Hackney, until February 6, 1860
- George Marston, elected February 6, 1860
Messenger: Thaddeus Morrice
Postmaster: Josiah M. Lucas
Sergeant at Arms: Adam J. Glossbrenner, until February 3, 1860
- Henry William Hoffman, from February 3, 1860

Notes

↑ Special session of the Senate.
↑ Special session of the Senate.
↑ Unconditional Union
↑ Unconditional Union & Constitutional Union
1 2 When seated or oath administered, not necessarily when service began.

References

↑ "1860 Democratic Convention Number 1 - Charleston, South Carolina". Usgovinfo.about.com. June 19, 2010. Archived from the original on April 5, 2016. Retrieved December 5, 2011.
1 2 3 "1860 Democratic National Convention". Blueandgraytrail.com. August 19, 2006. Archived from the original on November 11, 2011. Retrieved December 5, 2011.
↑ "Constitutional Union party Facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about Constitutional Union party". Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved December 5, 2011.
↑ "Ordinance of Secession of South Carolina". Csawardept.com. Archived from the original on April 24, 2002. Retrieved December 5, 2011.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Hart, Albert Bushnell; Channing, Edward, eds. (November 1893). Ordinances of Secession and Other Documents. 1860-1861. American History Leaflets Colonial and Constitutional. Vol. 12. New York: A. Lovell & Company. OCLC 7759360. Retrieved November 15, 2017. Alt URL
↑ "The Delaware Legislature.; Reception Of The Secession Commissioner From Mississippi". The New York Times. January 4, 1861.
↑ "Ordinance of Secession of Mississippi". Csawardept.com. Archived from the original on September 27, 2011. Retrieved December 5, 2011.
↑ "Ordinance of Secession of Florida". Csawardept.com. Archived from the original on September 27, 2011. Retrieved December 5, 2011.
↑ "Ordinance of Secession of Alabama". Csawardept.com. Archived from the original on January 15, 2012. Retrieved December 5, 2011.
↑ "Ordinance of Secession of Georgia". Csawardept.com. Archived from the original on September 27, 2011. Retrieved December 5, 2011.
↑ "Ordinance of Secession of Louisiana". Csawardept.com. Archived from the original on September 27, 2011. Retrieved December 5, 2011.
1 2 "Ordinance of Secession of Texas". Csawardept.com. Archived from the original on September 27, 2011. Retrieved December 5, 2011.
↑ "Historical Highlights: Session to Count 1860 Electoral College Votes". United States House of Representatives History, Art & Archives. Retrieved January 3, 2023.
↑ Shafer, Ronald G. (December 30, 2012). "When the House needed two months and 133 votes to elect a speaker". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved January 3, 2023.

References

Martis, Kenneth C. (1989). The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company.
Martis, Kenneth C. (1982). The Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company.
Hart, Albert Bushnell; Channing, Edward, eds. (November 1893). Ordinances of Secession and Other Documents. 1860-1861. American History Leaflets Colonial and Constitutional. Vol. 12. New York: A. Lovell & Company. OCLC 7759360. Retrieved November 15, 2017. Alt URL

External links

[1] Special session of the Senate.

[2] Special session of the Senate.

[16] Unconditional Union

[17] Unconditional Union & Constitutional Union

[SuccessorInstallation-19] 1 2 When seated or oath administered, not necessarily when service began.

[3] "1860 Democratic Convention Number 1 - Charleston, South Carolina". Usgovinfo.about.com. June 19, 2010. Archived from the original on April 5, 2016. Retrieved December 5, 2011.

[blueandgraytrail1-4] 1 2 3 "1860 Democratic National Convention". Blueandgraytrail.com. August 19, 2006. Archived from the original on November 11, 2011. Retrieved December 5, 2011.

[5] "Constitutional Union party Facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about Constitutional Union party". Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved December 5, 2011.

[6] "Ordinance of Secession of South Carolina". Csawardept.com. Archived from the original on April 24, 2002. Retrieved December 5, 2011.

[Hart_and_Channing_OoSaOD-7] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Hart, Albert Bushnell; Channing, Edward, eds. (November 1893). Ordinances of Secession and Other Documents. 1860-1861. American History Leaflets Colonial and Constitutional. Vol. 12. New York: A. Lovell & Company. OCLC 7759360. Retrieved November 15, 2017. Alt URL

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[15] "Historical Highlights: Session to Count 1860 Electoral College Votes". United States House of Representatives History, Art & Archives. Retrieved January 3, 2023.

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36th United States Congress
35th ← → 37th
United States Capitol (1860)
March 4, 1859 – March 4, 1861
Members	66 senators 238 representatives 5 non-voting delegates
Senate majority	Democratic (until February 4, 1861) Republican (from February 4, 1861)
Senate President	John C. Breckinridge (D)
House majority	Republican-led coalition
House Speaker	William Pennington (R)
Sessions
Special^[a]: March 4, 1859 – March 10, 1859 1st: December 5, 1859 – June 26, 1860 Special^[b]: June 26, 1860 – June 28, 1860 2nd: December 3, 1860 – March 4, 1861

Major events

Major legislation

Constitutional amendments

Treaties

Party summary

Senate

House of Representatives

Senate

House of Representatives

Members

Senate

House of Representatives

Non-voting members

Changes in membership

Senate

Committees

Senate

House of Representatives

Joint committees

Caucuses

Employees

Legislative branch agency directors

Senate

House of Representatives

See also

Notes

References

References

External links