◐ Shell
reader mode source ↗
Jump to content
Page semi-protected
Listen to this article
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Medium-sized North American wild cat

Bobcat
Bobcat in Columbus Zoo
CITES Appendix II [1]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Infraclass: Placentalia
Order: Carnivora
Suborder: Feliformia
Family: Felidae
Genus: Lynx
Species:
L. rufus
Binomial name
Lynx rufus
(Schreber, 1777)
Range in 2016[1]
Synonyms

See text

The bobcat (Lynx rufus), also known as the wildcat, bay lynx,[2][3] or red lynx,[4] is one of the four extant species within the medium-sized wild cat genus Lynx. Native to North America, it ranges from southern Canada through most of the contiguous United States to Oaxaca in Mexico. It is listed as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List since 2002, due to its wide distribution and large population. Although it has been hunted extensively both for sport and fur, populations have proven stable, though declining in some areas.[1]

It has distinctive black bars on its forelegs and a black-tipped, stubby (or "bobbed") tail, from which it derives its name. It reaches a total length (including the tail) of up to 125 cm (50 in). It is an adaptable predator inhabiting wooded areas, semidesert, urban edge, forest edge, and swampland environments. It remains in some of its original range, but populations are vulnerable to extirpation by coyotes and domestic animals.

Though the bobcat prefers rabbits and hares, it hunts insects, chickens, geese and other birds, small rodents, and deer. Prey selection depends on location and habitat, season, and abundance. Like most cats, the bobcat is territorial and largely solitary, although with some overlap in home ranges. It uses several methods to mark its territorial boundaries, including claw marks and deposits of urine or feces. The bobcat breeds from winter into spring and has a gestation period of about two months.

Two subspecies are recognized: one east of the Great Plains, and the other west of the Great Plains. It is featured in some stories of the indigenous peoples of North and Central America, and in the folklore of European-descended inhabitants of the Americas.

Taxonomy and evolution

Felis rufa was the scientific name proposed by Johann Christian Daniel von Schreber in 1777.[5] In the 19th and 20th centuries, the following zoological specimens were described:[6]

The validity of these subspecies was challenged in 1981 because of the minor differences between specimens from the various geographic regions in North America.[17]

Since the revision of cat taxonomy in 2017, only two subspecies are recognized as valid taxa:[18]

  • L. r. rufus – east of the Great Plains
  • L. r. fasciatus – west of the Great Plains

Phylogeny

The Canada lynx (right) has distinct tufts atop its ears and longer "mutton chop" style fur on its lower face

The genus Lynx shares a clade with the genera Puma, Prionailurus and Felis dated to 7.15 million years ago; Lynx diverged approximately 3.24 million years ago.[19]

The bobcat is thought to have evolved from the Eurasian lynx (L. lynx), which crossed into North America by way of the Bering Land Bridge during the Pleistocene, with progenitors arriving as early as 2.6 million years ago.[20] It first appeared during the Irvingtonian stage around 1.8 million years ago. The first bobcat wave moved into the southern portion of North America, which was soon cut off from the north by glaciers; the population evolved into the modern bobcat around 20,000 years ago. A second population arrived from Asia and settled in the north, developing into the modern Canada lynx (L. canadensis).[21] Hybridization between the bobcat and the Canada lynx may sometimes occur.[22] The populations east and west of the Great Plains were probably separated during Pleistocene interglacial periods due to the aridification of the region.[23]

Description

In Alberta

The bobcat resembles other species of the midsize genus Lynx, but is on average the smallest of the four. Its coat is variable, though generally tan to grayish-brown, with black streaks on the body and dark bars on the forelegs and tail. Its spotted patterning acts as camouflage. The ears are black-tipped and pointed, with short, black tufts. Generally, an off-white color is seen on the lips, chin, and underparts. Bobcats in the desert regions of the southwest have the lightest-colored coats, while those in the northern, forested regions are darkest. Kittens are born well-furred and already have their spots.[24] A few melanistic bobcats have been sighted and captured in Florida, USA and New Brunswick, Canada.[25] They appear black, but may still exhibit a spot pattern.[26]

The small tufts on a bobcat's ears are difficult to spot at even moderate distance

The face appears wide due to ruffs of extended hair beneath the ears. Bobcat eyes are yellow with black slit pupils[27]. The nose of the bobcat is pinkish-red, and it has a base color of gray or yellowish- or brownish-red on its face, sides, and back.[28] The pupils widen during nocturnal activity to maximize light reception.[29] The bobcat has sharp hearing and vision, and a good sense of smell. It is an excellent climber and swims when it needs to, but normally avoids water.[30]

The adult bobcat is 47.5–125 cm (18.7–49.2 in) long from the head to the base of its distinctive stubby tail, averaging 82.7 cm (32.6 in); the tail is 9 to 20 cm (3.5 to 7.9 in) long.[28] Its "bobbed" appearance gives the species its name.[31][32][33][34] An adult stands about 30 to 60 cm (12 to 24 in) at the shoulders.[24]

Adult males can range in weight from 6.4–18.3 kg (14–40 lb), with an average of 9.6 kg (21 lb); females at 4–15.3 kg (8.8–33.7 lb), with an average of 6.8 kg (15 lb).[35] The largest bobcat accurately measured on record weighed 22.2 kg (49 lb), although unverified reports have them reaching 27 kg (60 lb).[36] Furthermore, a June 20, 2012, report of a New Hampshire roadkill specimen listed the animal's weight at 27 kg (60 lb).[37] The largest-bodied bobcats were recorded in eastern Canada and northern New England, and the smallest in the southern Appalachian Mountains.[38] Consistent with Bergmann's rule, the bobcat is larger in its northern range and in open habitats.[39] A morphological size comparison study in the eastern United States found a divergence in the location of the largest male and female specimens, suggesting differing selection constraints for the sexes.[40] Skeletal muscles make up 58.5 % of the bobcat's body weight.[41][42] At birth, it weighs 270–340 g (9+1⁄2–12 oz) and is about 25 cm (10 in) in length. At the age of one year, it weighs about 4.5 kg (10 lb).[30]

Tracks

Bobcat tracks in mud showing the hind-paw print (top) partially covering the fore-paw print (center)

Bobcat tracks show four toes without claw marks, due to their retractile claws. The tracks range in size from 25–75 mm (1–3 in); the average is about 45 mm (1+3⁄4 in).[43] When walking or trotting, the tracks are spaced roughly 20 to 45 cm (8 to 18 in) apart. The bobcat can make great strides when running, often from 1.2–2.4 m (4–8 ft).[44]

Like all cats, the bobcat 'directly registers', meaning its hind prints usually fall exactly on top of its fore prints. Bobcat tracks can be generally distinguished from feral or house cat tracks by their larger size: about 15 cm2 (2 sq in) versus 10 cm2 (1+1⁄2 sq in).[45]

Distribution and habitat

A bobcat climbing on a utility pole at the Kennedy Space Center in Florida. The species' range does not seem to be limited by human populations, as long as it can still find a suitable habitat.

The bobcat is an adaptable species. It prefers woodlands—deciduous, coniferous, or mixed—but does not depend exclusively on the deep forest. It ranges from the humid swamps of Florida to desert lands of Texas or rugged mountain areas. It makes its home near agricultural areas, if rocky ledges, swamps, or forested tracts are present; its spotted coat serves as camouflage.[46] The population of the bobcat depends primarily on the population of its prey; other principal factors in the selection of habitat type include protection from severe weather, availability of resting and den sites, dense cover for hunting and escape, and freedom from disturbance.[47]

The bobcat's range does not seem to be limited by human populations, but by availability of suitable habitat; only large, intensively cultivated tracts are unsuitable for the species.[39] The animal may appear in back yards in "urban edge" environments, where human development intersects with natural habitats.[48] When chased by a dog, bobcats usually climb a tree.[46]

The historical range of the bobcat was from southern Canada, throughout the United States, and as far south as the Mexican state of Oaxaca, and it still persists across much of this area. In the 20th century, it was thought to have lost territory in the US Midwest and parts of the Northeast, including southern Minnesota, eastern South Dakota, and much of Missouri, mostly due to habitat changes from modern agricultural practices.[29][39][46] While thought to no longer exist in western New York and Pennsylvania, multiple confirmed sightings of bobcats (including dead specimens) have been recently reported in New York's Southern Tier and in central New York, and a bobcat was captured in 2018 on a tourist boat in Downtown Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.[49][50] In addition, bobcat sightings have been confirmed in northern Indiana, and one was killed near Albion, Michigan, in 2008.[51] In early March 2010, a bobcat was sighted (and later captured by animal control authorities) in a parking garage in downtown Houston.[52] By 2010, bobcats appear to have recolonized many states, occurring in every state in the contiguous 48 except Delaware.[1]

The bobcat population in Canada is limited due to both snow depth and the presence of the Canada lynx. The bobcat does not tolerate deep snow, and waits out heavy storms in sheltered areas; it lacks the large, padded feet of the Canada lynx and cannot support its weight on snow as efficiently. The bobcat is not entirely at a disadvantage where its range meets that of the larger felid: displacement of the Canada lynx by the aggressive bobcat has been observed where they interact in , while the clearing of coniferous forests for agriculture has led to a northward retreat of the Canada lynx's range to the advantage of the bobcat. In northern and central Mexico, the cat is found in dry and forests of pine and oak; its range ends at the tropical southern portion of the country.

Conservation

The bobcat population has seen a decline in the American Midwest, but is generally stable and healthy

The bobcat is listed in Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES),[88] which means it is not considered threatened with extinction, but that international trade must be closely monitored. The animal is regulated in all three of its range countries, and is found in a number of protected areas of the United States, its principal territory.[39] Estimates from the US Fish and Wildlife Service placed bobcat numbers between 700,000 and 1,500,000 in the US in 1988, with increased range and population density suggesting even greater numbers in subsequent years; for these reasons, the U.S. has petitioned CITES to remove the cat from Appendix II.[47] Populations in Canada and Mexico remain stable and healthy. It is listed as least concern on the IUCN Red List, noting it is relatively widespread and abundant, but information from southern Mexico is poor.[1]

The bobcat is considered endangered in Ohio, Indiana, and New Jersey. It was removed from the threatened list of Illinois in 1999 and of Iowa in 2003. In Pennsylvania, limited hunting and trapping are once again allowed, after having been banned from 1970 to 1999. The bobcat also suffered population decline in New Jersey at the turn of the 19th century, mainly because of commercial and agricultural developments causing habitat fragmentation; by 1972, the bobcat was given full legal protection, and was listed as endangered in the state in 1991.[29] The Mexican bobcat L. r. escuinipae was for a time considered endangered by the US Fish and Wildlife Service, but was delisted in 2005.[89] Between 2003 and 2011, a reduction in bobcat sightings in the Everglades by 87.5% has been attributed to predation by the invasive Burmese python.[90]

The bobcat has long been valued both for fur and sport; it has been hunted and trapped by humans, but has maintained a high population, even in the southern United States, where it is extensively hunted. In the 1970s and 1980s, an unprecedented rise in price for bobcat fur caused further interest in hunting, but by the early 1990s, prices had dropped significantly.[91] Regulated hunting still continues, with half of mortality of some populations being attributed to this cause. As a result, the rate of bobcat deaths is skewed in winter, when hunting season is generally open.[60]

Urbanization can result in the fragmentation of contiguous natural landscapes into patchy habitat within an urban area. Animals that live in these fragmented areas often have reduced movement between the habitat patches, which can lead to reduced gene flow and pathogen transmission between patches. Animals such as the bobcat are particularly sensitive to fragmentation because of their large home ranges.[92] A study in coastal Southern California has shown bobcat populations are affected by urbanization, creation of roads, and other developments. The populations may not be declining as much as predicted, but instead the connectivity of different populations is affected. This leads to a decrease in natural genetic diversity among bobcat populations.[93] For bobcats, preserving open space in sufficient quantities and quality is necessary for population viability. Educating local residents about the animals is critical, as well, for conservation in urban areas.[94]

In bobcats using urban habitats in California, the use of rodenticides has been linked to both secondary poisoning by consuming poisoned rats and mice, and to increased rates of severe mite infestation (known as notoedric mange), as an animal with a poison-weakened immune system is less capable of fighting off mange. Liver autopsies in California bobcats that have succumbed to notoedric mange have revealed chronic rodenticide exposure.[95][96] Alternative rodent control measures such as vegetation control and use of traps have been suggested to alleviate this issue.[97]

Importance in human culture

Illustrated story in the Yurok language (native to northwest California) about a bobcat and her cub

Stories featuring the bobcat, in many variations, are found in some Indigenous cultures of North America, with parallels in South America. A story from the Nez Perce, for instance, depicts the bobcat and coyote as opposed, antithetical beings.[98] However, another version represents them with equality and identicality. Claude Lévi-Strauss argues that the former concept, that of twins representing opposites, is an inherent theme in New World mythologies, but that they are not equally balanced figures, representing an open-ended dualism rather than the symmetric duality of Old World cultures. The latter notion then, Lévi-Strauss suggests, is the result of regular contact between Europeans and native cultures. Additionally, the version found in the Nez Perce story is of much greater complexity, while the version of equality seems to have lost the tale's original meaning.[99]

Female bobcat at the Carolina Tiger Rescue.

In a Shawnee tale, the bobcat is outwitted by a rabbit, which gives rise to its spots. After trapping the rabbit in a tree, the bobcat is persuaded to build a fire, only to have the embers scattered on its fur, leaving it singed with dark brown spots.[100] The Mohave people believed dreaming habitually of beings or objects would afford them their characteristics as supernatural powers. Dreaming of two deities, cougar and lynx, they thought, would grant them the superior hunting skills of other tribes.[101] European-descended inhabitants of the Americas also admired the cat, both for its ferocity and its grace, and in the United States, it "rests prominently in the anthology of ... national folklore".[102]

Grave artifacts from dirt domes excavated in the 1980s along the Illinois River revealed a complete skeleton of a young bobcat along with a collar made of bone pendants and shell beads that had been buried by the Hopewell culture. The type and place of burial indicate a tamed and cherished pet or possible spiritual significance. The Hopewell normally buried their dogs, so the bones were initially identified as remains of a puppy, but dogs were usually buried close to the village and not in the mounds themselves. This is the only wild cat decorated burial on the archaeological record.[103][104]

An inhabitant of Appalachia, Lynx rufus is immortalized (along with university founder Rufus Putnam) at Ohio University through its popular college mascot, Rufus the Bobcat.[105]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Kelly, M.; Morin, D. & Lopez-Gonzalez, C.A. (2016). "Lynx rufus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016 e.T12521A50655874. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T12521A50655874.en. Retrieved 24 January 2022.
  2. ↑ Baraoidan, Samantha; Boughton, Raoul (February 10, 2022). "Wildlife of Florida Factsheet: Bobcat". askIFAS. Retrieved November 13, 2024.
  3. ↑ "Lynx and Bobcat". San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance. Retrieved November 13, 2024.
  4. ↑ "Bobcat". Chesapeake Bay Program. Retrieved November 13, 2024.
  5. ↑ Schreber, J. C. D. (1778). "Der Rotluchs". Die Säugethiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur, mit Beschreibungen. Erlangen: Wolfgang Walther. pp. 442–443.
  6. ↑ Wozencraft, W. C. (2005). "Species Lynx rufus". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 542. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  7. 1 2 Rafinesque, C. S. (1817). "Descriptions of seven new genera of North American quadrupeds". The American Monthly Magazine and Critical Review. 2: 44–46.
  8. ↑ Merriam C. H. (1890). "Results of a biological survey of the San Francisco Mountain region and desert of the Little Colorado in Arizona". North American Fauna. 3: 78–86. Bibcode:1890usgs.rept....3M. Archived from the original on 2022-02-27. Retrieved 2021-03-11.
  9. ↑ Allen, J. A. (1895). "On the names of mammals given by Kerr in his 'Animal Kingdom', published in 1792" (PDF). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 7 (5): 179–192. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-10-24. Retrieved 2021-03-12.
  10. ↑ Bangs O. (1897). "Notes on the lynxes of eastern North America, with descriptions of two new species". Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. 11: 47–51.
  11. ↑ Mearns E. A. (1898). "Preliminary diagnoses of new mammals of the genera Lynx, Urocyon, Spilogale and Mephitis from the Mexican Boundary Line". Proceedings of the United States National Museum. 20 (1126): 457–461. doi:10.5479/si.00963801.1126.457.
  12. ↑ Thomas, O. (1898). "On new mammals from western Mexico and Lower California". The Annals and Magazine of Natural History. 7. 1 (1): 40–46. doi:10.1080/00222939808677921.
  13. ↑ Merriam, C. H. (1899). "Mammals of Shasta". North American Fauna. 16: 87–107. doi:10.3996/nafa.16.0001.
  14. ↑ Allen J. A. (1903). "A new deer and a new lynx from the State of Sinaloa, Mexico" (PDF). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 19 (25): 613–615. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-12-15. Retrieved 2021-03-12.
  15. ↑ Peterson, R. L. & Downing, S. C. (1952). "Notes on the bobcats (Lynx rufus) of eastern North America with the description of a new race". Contributions of the Royal Ontario Museum Division of Zoology and Palaeontolgy (33): 1–23.
  16. ↑ Goodwin, G. G. (1963). "A new subspecies of bobcat (Lynx rufus) from Oaxaca, Mexico" (PDF). American Museum Novitates (2139): 1–7. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-12-15. Retrieved 2021-03-13.
  17. ↑
  18. ↑ Kitchener, A. C.; Breitenmoser-Würsten, C.; Eizirik, E.; Gentry, A.; Werdelin, L.; Wilting, A.; Yamaguchi, N.; Abramov, A. V.; Christiansen, P.; Driscoll, C.; Duckworth, J. W.; Johnson, W.; Luo, S.-J.; Meijaard, E.; O'Donoghue, P.; Sanderson, J.; Seymour, K.; Bruford, M.; Groves, C.; Hoffmann, M.; Nowell, K.; Timmons, Z.; Tobe, S. (2017). "A revised taxonomy of the Felidae: The final report of the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN Cat Specialist Group" (PDF). Cat News (Special Issue 11): 38–40. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-01-17. Retrieved 2018-07-14.
  19. ↑ Johnson, W.E.; Eizirik, E.; Pecon-Slattery, J.; Murphy, W.J.; Antunes, A.; Teeling, E. & O'Brien, S.J. (2006). "The Late Miocene radiation of modern Felidae: A genetic assessment". Science. 311 (5757): 73–77. Bibcode:2006Sci...311...73J. doi:10.1126/science.1122277. PMID 16400146. S2CID 41672825. Archived from the original on 2020-10-04. Retrieved 2019-06-28.
  20. 1 2 Meaney, C. & Beauvais, G. P. (2004). "Species Assessment for Canada lynx (Lynx canadensis) in Wyoming". United States Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management. Archived from the original on February 27, 2022. Retrieved June 25, 2007.
  21. ↑
  22. ↑ Mills, L. S. (2006). Conservation of Wildlife Populations: Demography, Genetics, and Management. Blackwell Publishing. p. 48. ISBN 978-1-4051-2146-0.
  23. ↑ Reding D. M. (2011). Patterns and processes of spatial genetic structure in a mobile and continuously distributed species, the bobcat (Lynx rufus) (PhD Thesis). Ames, Iowa: Iowa State University.
  24. 1 2 Cahalane, V. H. (2005). Meeting the Mammals. Kessinger Publishing. p. 64. ISBN 978-1-4179-9522-6.
  25. ↑ Fowler, S. (2016). "Appearance of black bobcats in New Brunswick puzzles biologist". CBC. Fredericton, NB, Canada. Archived from the original on 2021-10-13. Retrieved 2020-09-19.
  26. ↑ Ulmer Jr., F. A. (1941). "Melanism in the Felidae, with Special Reference to the Genus Lynx". Journal of Mammalogy. 22 (3): 285–288. doi:10.2307/1374954. JSTOR 1374954.
  27. ↑ "Wildlife Note" (PDF). Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. February 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2025-09-01. Retrieved 2026-01-11.
  28. 1 2 Sparano, V. T. (1998). Complete Outdoors Encyclopedia. St. Martin's Press. p. 228. ISBN 978-0-312-19190-0.
  29. 1 2 3 4 5 McDowell, R. L. (2003). Endangered and Threatened Wildlife of New Jersey. Rutgers University Press. pp. 23–24, 27. ISBN 978-0-8135-3209-7.
  30. 1 2 3 Fergus, C. (2003). Wildlife of Virginia and Maryland Washington D.C. Stackpole Books. p. 119. ISBN 978-0-8117-2821-8.
  31. ↑ "Great Cats: Bobcats – National Zoo| FONZ". National Zoo. Archived from the original on April 1, 2012. Retrieved October 17, 2011.
  32. ↑ "Bobcats, Bobcat Pictures, Bobcat Facts – National Geographic". Animals.nationalgeographic.com. 10 September 2010. Archived from the original on 25 September 2011. Retrieved October 17, 2011.
  33. ↑ "Field Guides: Species Detail". eNature. Archived from the original on March 19, 2012. Retrieved October 17, 2011.
  34. ↑ "bobcat (mammal)". Encyclopaedia Britannica Online. Archived from the original on November 7, 2011. Retrieved October 17, 2011.
  35. ↑ Burnie, D. and Wilson, D.E. (Eds.), Animal: The Definitive Visual Guide to the World's Wildlife. DK Adult (2005), ISBN 0-7894-7764-5
  36. ↑ Chiamulera, J.; Krueger, E. & Yarbrough, C. "Bobcat Lynx rufus". Uwsp.edu. Archived from the original on June 8, 2011. Retrieved February 21, 2011.
  37. ↑ Schreiber, J. (2012). 60-pound bobcat turns up as roadkill Archived June 25, 2012, at the Wayback Machine . Union Leader
  38. ↑ "Bobcat Profile" (PDF). The American Society of Mammalogists. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 11, 2013. Retrieved September 23, 2011.
  39. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Nowell, K. & Jackson, P. (1996). Wild Cats. Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan (PDF). Gland, Switzerland: IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-02-05. Retrieved 2007-05-25.
  40. ↑ Sikes, R. S. & Kennedy, M. L. (1992). "Morphologic Variation of the Bobcat (Felis rufus) in the Eastern United States and Its Association with Selected Environmental Variables". American Midland Naturalist. 128 (2): 313–324. doi:10.2307/2426465. JSTOR 2426465.
  41. ↑ Muchlinski, M.N.; Snodgrass, J.J. & Terranova, C.J. (2012). "Muscle mass scaling in primates: An energetic and ecological perspective" (PDF). American Journal of Primatology. 74 (5): 395–407. doi:10.1002/ajp.21990. PMID 22318851. S2CID 16897938. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-01-10. Retrieved 2022-01-10.
  42. ↑ Pitts, G.C.; Bullard, R.T. (1968). "Some Interspecific Aspects of Body Composition in Mammals". Body Composition in Animals and Man. Columbia: Proceedings of a symposium held May 4, 5, and 6, 1967, at the University of Missouri, Columbia. pp. 45–70. doi:10.17226/20255. ISBN 978-0-309-33993-3. Archived from the original on 2022-01-10. Retrieved 2022-01-10.
  43. ↑ "Bobcat". bcadventure.com. Interactive Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on July 12, 2007. Retrieved June 25, 2007.
  44. ↑ Peterson, R. T. & Murie, O. J. (1998). A Field Guide to Animal Tracks. Houghton Mifflin Field Guides. p. 115. ISBN 978-0-395-91094-8.
  45. ↑ Brown, T. (1986). Tom Brown's Field Guide to Nature Observation and Tracking. Berkley Trade. ISBN 978-0-425-09966-7.
  46. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Whitaker, J. O.; Hamilton, W. J. (1998). "Bobcat, Lynx rufus". Mammals of the Eastern United States. Cornell University Press. pp. 493–496. ISBN 978-0-8014-3475-4.
  47. 1 2 "Deletion of Bobcat (Lynx rufus) from Appendix II" (PDF). Thirteenth Meeting of the Conference of the Parties, Proposal 5. Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora. October 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 2, 2013. Retrieved May 31, 2007.
  48. ↑ "Bobcats: Living on the Urban Edge". National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. Archived from the original on October 13, 2007. Retrieved June 18, 2007.
  49. ↑ Tobin, Dave (May 31, 2007). "Elusive Bobcat Creeps into Region". Syracuse Post-Standard. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved June 26, 2007.
  50. ↑ Allen, Bob (March 18, 2018). "Bobcat Found On Gateway Clipper Boat Removed By Animal Control". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Archived from the original on March 19, 2018. Retrieved March 19, 2018.
  51. ↑ "Bobcat killed near Albion". MLive.com. Jackson Citizen Patriot. October 25, 2008. Archived from the original on December 10, 2008. Retrieved February 15, 2009.
  52. ↑ "Bobcat captured in Houston parking garage". Houston Chronicle. chron.com. March 2, 2010. Archived from the original on November 7, 2012. Retrieved March 3, 2010.
  53. ↑ National Park Service. Yellowstone National Park. "Bobcat". Archived from the original on May 23, 2006. Retrieved August 24, 2006.
  54. ↑ Allen, M.; Wallace, C. F. & Wilmers, C. C. (2015). "Patterns in bobcat (Lynx rufus) scent marking and communication behaviors". Journal of Ethology. 33 (1): 9–14. doi:10.1007/s10164-014-0418-0. S2CID 17453824.
  55. 1 2 Kamler, J. F. & Gipson, P. S. (2000). "Home range, habitat selection, and survival of bobcats, Lynx rufus, in a prairie ecosystem in Kansas". Canadian Field-Naturalist. 114 (3): 388–394. doi:10.5962/p.363990.
  56. 1 2 Janečka, J.E.; Blankenship, T.L.; Hirth, D.H.; Tewes, M.E.; Kilpatrick, C.W.; Grassman, L.I. Jr. (2006). "Kinship and social structure of Bobcats (Lynx rufus) inferred from microsatellite and radio-telemetry data". Journal of Zoology. 269 (4): 494–501. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.00099.x.
  57. 1 2 Lovallo, M. J.; Anderson, E. M. (1996). "Bobcat (Lynx rufus) Home Range Size and Habitat Use in Northwest Wisconsin". American Midland Naturalist. 135 (2): 247–28. doi:10.2307/2426706. JSTOR 2426706.
  58. ↑ Nielsen, Clayton K.; Alan Woolf (2001). "Spatial Organization of Bobcats (Lynx rufus) in Southern Illinois". The American Midland Naturalist. 146 (1): 43–52. doi:10.1674/0003-0031(2001)146[0043:SOOBLR]2.0.CO;2. S2CID 85594095. Archived from the original on 2021-04-22. Retrieved 2021-04-22.
  59. ↑ Chamberlain, Michael I.; Bruce D. Leopold; L. Mike Conner (2003). "Space use, movements and habitat selection of adult Bobcats (Lynx rufus) in Central Mississippi". The American Midland Naturalist. 149 (2): 395–405. doi:10.1674/0003-0031(2003)149[0395:SUMAHS]2.0.CO;2. S2CID 84214895.
  60. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Feldhamer, G. A.; Thompson, B. C.; Chapman, J. A. (2004). Wild Mammals of North America. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 769–770. ISBN 978-0-8018-7416-1.
  61. ↑ Smith, J. W. (1988). Status of Missouri's experimental Trumpeter Swan restoration program. In Proc. and Papers of the 10th Trumpeter Swan Society Conf., edited by D. Compton, 100–103. Maple Plain, MN: The Trumpeter Swan Society.
  62. ↑ Baker, L. A.; Warren, R. J.; Diefenbach, D. R.; James, W. E. & Conroy, M. J. (2001). "Prey Selection by Reintroduced Bobcats (Lynx rufus) on Cumberland Island, Georgia". The American Midland Naturalist. 145 (1): 80–93. doi:10.1674/0003-0031(2001)145[0080:PSBRBL]2.0.CO;2. S2CID 85890281.
  63. ↑ Howard, B. C. (2015). "Bobcat drags shark out of Florida surf". National Geographic. Archived from the original on 2015-04-11. Retrieved 2023-05-24.
  64. ↑
  65. ↑ Farias, V.; Fuller, T. K.; Wayne, R. K. & Sauvajot, R. M. (2005). "Survival and cause-specific mortality of gray foxes (Urocyon cinereoargenteus) in southern California". Journal of Zoology. 266 (3): 249–254. doi:10.1017/S0952836905006850.
  66. ↑ Sheep and Goats Death Loss. National Agricultural Statistics Service. 2005. Archived from the original on October 6, 2020. Retrieved December 27, 2007.
  67. ↑ Neale, J. C. C.; Sacks, B. N.; Jaeger, M. M.; McCullough, D. R. (1998). "A Comparison of Bobcat and Coyote Predation on Lambs in North-Coastal California". The Journal of Wildlife Management. 62 (2): 700–706. doi:10.2307/3802346. JSTOR 3802346. S2CID 31260042.
  68. ↑ Major, J. T.; Sherburne, J. A. (1987). "Interspecific relationships of Coyotes, Bobcats, and Red Foxes in western Maine". Journal of Wildlife Management. 51 (3): 606–616. doi:10.2307/3801278. JSTOR 3801278.
  69. ↑ Litvaitis, J. A. & Harrison, D. J. (1989). "Bobcat-coyote niche relationships during a period of coyote population increase". Canadian Journal of Zoology. 67 (5): 1180–1188. Bibcode:1989CaJZ...67.1180L. doi:10.1139/z89-170.
  70. 1 2 3 Fischer, W.C.; Miller, M.; Johnston, C.M.; Smith, J.K. (1996). Fire Effects Information System. Diane Publishing. p. 83. ISBN 978-0-7881-4568-1.
  71. 1 2 Nowak, R.M. (1999). "Felis rufus (bobcat)". Walker's Mammals of the World. Vol. 1 (Sixth ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 808–810. ISBN 978-0-8018-5789-8.
  72. ↑ Akenson, H.; Akenson, J.; Quigley, H. "Winter Predation and Interactions of Wolves and Cougars on Panther Creek in Central Idaho". Wildlife: Wolves. Yellowstone National Park. Archived from the original on April 20, 2007. Retrieved June 24, 2007.
  73. ↑ Palomares, F. & Caro, T. M. (1999). "Interspecific killing among mammalian carnivores". The American Naturalist. 153 (5): 492–508. Bibcode:1999ANat..153..492P. doi:10.1086/303189. hdl:10261/51387. PMID 29578790. S2CID 4343007.
  74. ↑ Fedriani, J. M.; Fuller, T. K.; Sauvajot R. M. & York, E. C. (2000). "Competition and intraguild predation among three sympatric carnivores" (PDF). Oecologia. 125 (2): 258–270. Bibcode:2000Oecol.125..258F. doi:10.1007/s004420000448. hdl:10261/54628. PMID 24595837. S2CID 24289407.
  75. ↑ Gipson, P. S. & Kamler, J. F. (2002). "Bobcat killed by coyote". Southwestern Naturalist. 47 (3): 511–514. Bibcode:2002SWNat..47..511G. doi:10.2307/3672519. JSTOR 3672519. Archived from the original on 2013-10-29. Retrieved 2013-02-25.
  76. ↑ Knick, S. T. (1990). "Ecology of bobcats relative to exploitation and a prey decline in southeastern Idaho". Wildlife Monographs. 108 (108): 1–42. JSTOR 3830671.
  77. ↑ "Bobcat vs Bear: Competition over deer carcass". Hunting Washington Forum. Archived from the original on October 20, 2013. Retrieved November 1, 2008.
  78. ↑ Krofel, M.; Kos, I.; Jerina, K. (2012). "The noble cats and the big bad scavengers: effects of dominant scavengers on solitary predators". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 66 (9): 1297–1304. Bibcode:2012BEcoS..66.1297K. doi:10.1007/s00265-012-1384-6.
  79. ↑ Aubry, Keith and Rale, Catherine (July 2006) Ecological Characteristics of Fishers (Martes pennanti) in the Southern Oregon Cascade Range Archived 2015-09-24 at the Wayback Machine. USDA Forest Service – Pacific Northwest Research Station, Olympia Forestry Sciences Laboratory, Olympia, WA, U.S.
  80. ↑ "Gator eats bobcat". Flickr. November 7, 2012. Archived from the original on August 2, 2013. Retrieved November 7, 2012.
  81. ↑ "Sneaky alligator nearly eats bobcat". KENS kens5.com. Kens5. Archived from the original on January 11, 2014. Retrieved June 1, 2012.
  82. ↑ "Golden Eagle, Life History, All About Birds - Cornell Lab of Ornithology". Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Archived from the original on 2019-04-28. Retrieved 2013-07-08.
  83. ↑ "Bobcats" (PDF). Living with Wildlife. Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 May 2022. Retrieved 18 March 2022.
  84. ↑ Fuller, Todd K.; Stephen L. Berendzen; Thomas A. Decker; James E. Cardoza (October 1995). "Survival and Cause-Specific Mortality Rates of Adult Bobcats (Lynx rufus)". American Midland Naturalist. 134 (2): 404–408. doi:10.2307/2426311. JSTOR 2426311.
  85. ↑ Hiestand, S.J.; Nielsen, C.K.; Jiménez, F.A. (2014). "Epizootic and zoonotic helminths of the bobcat (Lynx rufus) in Illinois and a comparison of its helminth component communities across the American Midwest". Parasite. 21: 4. doi:10.1051/parasite/2014005. PMC 3923260. PMID 24521984.
  86. ↑ Kikuchi, Y.; Chomel, B. B.; Kasten, R. W.; Martenson, J. S.; Swift, P. K.; O'Brien, S. J. (2004). "Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in American free-ranging or captive pumas (Felis concolor) and Bobcats (Lynx rufus)". Veterinary Parasitology. 120 (1–2): 1–9. doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2004.01.002. PMID 15019138.
  87. ↑ "Appendices I, II and III". Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora. Archived from the original on May 19, 2007. Retrieved May 24, 2007.
  88. ↑ "Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; 12-Month Petition Finding and Proposed Rule To Delist the Mexican Bobcat (Lynx rufus escuinapae)". Fish and Wildlife Service. 2005. Retrieved June 27, 2007.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
  89. ↑ Dell'Amore, C. (2012). "Pythons Eating Through Everglades Mammals at "Astonishing" Rate?". National Geographic News. National Geographic Society. Archived from the original on 18 November 2020. Retrieved 17 November 2020.
  90. ↑ Grenfell, W. E. Jr. (1996). Bobcat Harvest Assessment 1995–96 (Report). California Department of Fish and Game. Archived from the original on 2013-04-19. Retrieved 2013-02-26.
  91. ↑ Lee, J. S.; Ruell, E. W.; Boydston, E. E.; Lyren, L. M.; Alonso, R. S.; Troyer, J. L.; Crooks, K. R. & Vandewoude, S. U. E. (2012). "Gene flow and pathogen transmission among bobcats (Lynx rufus) in a fragmented urban landscape". Molecular Ecology. 21 (7): 1617–1631. Bibcode:2012MolEc..21.1617L. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2012.05493.x. PMID 22335296. S2CID 14206892.
  92. ↑ Ruell, E.W.; Riley, S.P.D.; Douglas, M.R.; Antolin, M.F.; Pollinger, J.R.; Tracey, J.A.; Lyren, L.M.; Boydston, E.E.; Fisher, R.N. & Crooks, K.R. (2012). "Urban Habitat Fragmentation and Genetic Population Structure of Bobcats in Coastal Southern California". The American Midland Naturalist. 168 (2): 265–280. Bibcode:2012AMNat.168..265R. doi:10.1674/0003-0031-168.2.265. S2CID 86455286.
  93. ↑ Riley, Seth P. D.; Sauvajot, R. M.; Fuller, T. K.; York, E. C.; Kamradt, D. A.; Bromley, C. & Wayne, R. K. (2003). "Effects of Urbanization and Habitat Fragmentation on Bobcats and Coyotes in Southern California". Conservation Biology. 17 (2): 566–576. Bibcode:2003ConBi..17..566R. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1739.2003.01458.x. S2CID 85375755.
  94. ↑ "Notoedric Mange: A Sentinel for a Big Problem in our Local Ecosystems?". Urban Carnivores. 2011. Archived from the original on 2020-08-18. Retrieved 2016-07-29.
  95. ↑ Riley, S.P.D.; Bromley, C.; Poppenga, R.H.; Whited, L.; Sauvajot, R.M. (2007). "Anticoagulant exposure and notoedric mange in bobcats and mountain lions in urban Southern California". Journal of Wildlife Management. 71 (6): 1874–1884. Bibcode:2007JWMan..71.1874R. doi:10.2193/2005-615. S2CID 86058493.
  96. ↑ "Rodenticide: Impacts and Alternatives". Urban Wildlife Research Project. 2015. Archived from the original on August 20, 2016. Retrieved August 5, 2016.
  97. ↑ Pollock, D. (1993). "Histoire de Lynx, Review". American Anthropologist. 95 (1): 223–224. doi:10.1525/aa.1993.95.1.02a00800.
  98. ↑ Yalman, Nur (1996). "Lévi-Strauss in Wonderland: Playing Chess with Unusual Cats: The Story of Lynx". American Ethnologist. 23 (4): 902. doi:10.1525/ae.1996.23.4.02a00120.
  99. ↑ "Florida Bobcat Bio Facts". Jacksonville Zoo and Gardens. 2005. Archived from the original on February 25, 2006. Retrieved June 27, 2007.
  100. ↑ Kroeber, A. L. (1908). "Preliminary Sketch of the Mohave Indians". American Anthropologist. 4 (2): 276–285. doi:10.1525/aa.1902.4.2.02a00060.
  101. ↑ Temple, Kerry (1996). "Wood Ghost". Notre Dame Magazine. Archived from the original on December 19, 2006. Retrieved June 25, 2007.
  102. ↑ Perri, A. R.; Martin, T. J.; Farnsworth, K. B. (2015). "A Bobcat Burial and Other Reported Intentional Animal Burials from Illinois Hopewell Mounds". Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology. 40 (3): 282. doi:10.1179/2327427115Y.0000000007. S2CID 132342406.
  103. ↑ Grimm, D. (2015). "Ancient bobcat buried like a human being". Science. doi:10.1126/science.aac8794.
  104. ↑ "Bobcat Naming Contest Winner to be Honored at Football Game". Ohio University. 2006. Archived from the original on September 12, 2006. Retrieved 2006-09-06.
Listen to this article (37 minutes)
Spoken Wikipedia icon
This audio file was created from a revision of this article dated 29 January 2009 (2009-01-29), and does not reflect subsequent edits.
(Audio help · More spoken articles)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bobcat&oldid=1361705933"