◐ Shell
reader mode source ↗
Jump to content
Extended-protected article
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Israeli settlement cluster in the West Bank

Gush Etzion in the 2018 OCHA OpT map, showing both the modern definition and the area of the original 1943-48 settlements
Beitar Illit, the largest city in Gush Etzion, was founded in 1985

Gush Etzion (Hebrew: גּוּשׁ עֶצְיוֹן, lit. Etzion Bloc) is a cluster of Israeli settlements located in the Judaean Mountains, directly south of Jerusalem and Bethlehem in the West Bank. The core group includes four Jewish agricultural villages that were founded in 1943–1947, and destroyed by the Arab Legion on May 13, 1948 in the 1948 Palestine war, in the Kfar Etzion massacre.[1] The area was left outside of Israel with the 1949 armistice lines. These settlements were rebuilt after the 1967 Six-Day War, along with new communities that have expanded the area of the Etzion Bloc.[2] As of 2011[update], Gush Etzion consisted of 22 settlements with a population of 70,000.[3]

The international community considers Israeli settlements in the West Bank illegal under international law,[4] but Israel disagrees.[5]

History

The four kibbutzes of the Gush Etzion Bloc (Kfar Etzion, Ein Tzurim, Massu'ot Yitzhak, Revadim), constructed on land purchased from 1920 to 1930, overlaid on a 1943 Survey of Palestine map; they are shown adjoining the village boundaries of Khirbet Beit Zakariyyah
1943 Survey of Palestine map, shortly before the founding of Jewish settlements in the area. "Kefar Etsyon" is shown as abandoned (top left), referring to the 1935-37 failed settlement.

The four core original communities of Gush Etzion were Kfar Etzion (founded in 1943), Massu'ot Yitzhak (1945), Ein Tzurim (1946) and Revadim (1947). The four Jewish communities were built on land acquired from 1920 to 1930.[6] The land of all four communities had been on Jewish-owned property purchased decades earlier and located in the village boundaries of Khirbet Beit Zakariyyah.[7][6] From November 29, 1947, Kfar Etzion was under siege and cut off from Jerusalem. On May 13, 1948, when the village surrendered, 127 Jewish inhabitants were massacred by local village irregulars, with the possible involvement of the Arab Legion.[8] The other villages surrendered the next day with the International Red Cross and British officials acting as mediators.[8] The homes were plundered and burned; the 350 inhabitants were taken by Arab troops and kept for months in a Jordanian prisoner-of-war camp in Zarqa.[8][9] In the aftermath of the destruction, a 700-year-old tree known as the "lone oak" that had been located among the four kibbutzes was one of the few items left standing.[10]

The establishment, defense and fall of Gush Etzion have been described as "one of the major episodes of the State of Israel-in-the-making", playing a significant role in Israeli collective memory.[11] The motivation for resettling the region is not so much ideological, political or security-related as symbolic, linked in the Israeli psyche to the massive loss of life (1% of its total population) in the 1947–1949 Palestine war.[12]

Settlements in Mandatory Palestine

Revadim, December 1947
Kibbutz Masu'ot Yitzhak, May 1947
Kfar Etzion, 1947

In 1927, a group of religious Yemenite Jews founded an agricultural village they named Migdal Eder (Hebrew: מִגְדַּל עֵדֶר), based on a biblical quotation (Genesis 35:21).[13] The land had been purchased in 1925 by Zikhron David, a private Jewish land holding company[14] at a site between Bethlehem and Hebron that fell between the zones of influence of the local Arab clans. This early community did not flourish, mainly due to economic hardships on the rocky soil, difficult weather conditions and escalating tension with neighboring Arab communities. Two years later, during the 1929 Palestine riots and recurring hostilities, Migdal Eder was attacked and destroyed.[15] Residents of the neighboring Palestinian village of Beit Ummar sheltered the farmers, but they could not return to their land.[16]

In 1932, a Jewish businessman of German extraction, Shmuel Zvi Holtzmann, provided financial backing for another attempt at resettling the area, through a company named El HaHar ("To the Mountain").[17] The kibbutz established there in 1935 was named Kfar Etzion, in his honor (the German word Holz means "wood", which is etz עץ in Hebrew).[18] The 1936–1939 Arab revolt made life intolerable for the residents, who returned to Jerusalem in 1937. Most of the structures built by Holtzman and his associates were destroyed by local Arab residents.[19]

The Jewish National Fund organized a third attempt at settlement in 1943 with the re-establishment of Kfar Etzion by members of a religious group called Kvutzat Avraham. Despite the rocky soil, shortage of potable water, harsh winters, and constant threat of attack, this group managed to succeed.

Their isolation was somewhat relieved by the establishment in 1945 of Masu'ot Yitzhak and Ein Tzurim, populated by members of the religious Bnei Akiva movement and Religious Kibbutz Movement. Against the backdrop of an impending struggle for Israeli independence, the secular Hashomer Hatzair movement founded a fourth kibbutz, Revadim. A religious center, Neve Ovadia, was also founded by the bloc's members. By the start of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, the Etzion bloc numbered 450 residents and stretched over an area of 20,000 dunams (20 km2).[18]

Civil war and Arab–Israeli War

Jewish prisoners in Jordan, after the fall of Gush Etzion, May 1948

On November 29, 1947, the United Nations approved the Partition Plan. The bloc fell within the area allotted to a proposed Arab state. The Haganah command decided not to leave the bloc. Arab hostilities began almost immediately, and travel to Jerusalem became exceedingly difficult. For five months the bloc was besieged, first by Arab irregulars, and then by the Jordanian Arab Legion. Throughout the winter hostilities intensified and several relief convoys from the Haganah in Jerusalem, were destroyed in ambushes and 10 convoy members were killed. For 47 days the armed conflict was intense.[20] In January, the women and children were evacuated to Ratisbonne Monastery with British assistance. An emergency reinforcement convoy put together by the Haganah and attempting to get from Hartuv to Gush Etzion under cover of darkness on January 15-16 was discovered; in the ensuing battle, all members of the Convoy of 35 were massacred.[21] Despite some resupply flights by Piper Cubs out of Tel Aviv, landing onto an improvised airfield, adequate supplies were not getting in.[22]

On March 27, land communication with the Yishuv was severed completely when the Nabi Daniel Convoy was ambushed and 13 fighters were killed on its return journey to Jerusalem.[23] In the following months, Arab irregular forces continued small-scale attacks against the bloc, which the Haganah was able to effectively withstand.[citation needed] At times, the Haganah forces, commanded by Uzi Narkiss, ambushed Arab military convoys—and, according to Morris, also Arab civilian traffic and British military convoys[24]—on the road between Jerusalem and Hebron. The defenders of Gush Etzion and the central command in Jerusalem mulled evacuation, but, although they had very few arms, a decision was made to hold out due to their strategic location as the only Jewish-held position on Jerusalem's southern approach from Hebron.[25]

Gush Etzion massacre

On May 12, the commander of Kfar Etzion requested from the Central Command in Jerusalem permission to evacuate the kibbutz, but was told to stay. Later in the day, the Arabs captured the Russian Orthodox monastery, which the Haganah used as a perimeter fortress for the Kfar Etzion area, killing twenty-four of its thirty-two defenders. On May 13, a massive attack began, involving parts of two Arab Legion infantry companies, light artillery[24] and local irregular support, attacking from four directions. The kibbutz fell within a day; the Arab forces massacred 127 of the 133 surrendering defenders. The total number of dead during the final assault, including those killed in the massacre and those who committed suicide, was estimated to be between 75 and 250. Only three men and one woman survived.[25] The last message the fighters managed to relay to Jerusalem was “"The Queen has fallen,” which became a tragic symbol of the area’s fall.[23] The following day, the day Israel declared its independence, the three other kibbutzim surrendered. The Arab Legion took 320 persons as prisoners of war and held them in Jordan for a year before releasing them.[26][27]

In October 1949, Rabbi Shlomo Goren was given permission by Jordanian officials to search the site of the four destroyed Gush Etzion communities. His investigation of the site located many bodies that had not been properly buried, despite the claims of Arab officials that they had been interred three days after the conclusion of the battle. An estimated half of the 100,000 Jewish residents of Jerusalem lined the path of the procession on November 17, 1949, in which the bodies of the victims were buried in a common grave on Mount Herzl, nearly 18 months after they had been killed by Arab forces.[8]

Interim period (1949–1967)

"The lone oak", one of Gush Etzion's symbols

In May 1948, the women and children evacuated from the bloc before the battle were taken to the Ratisbonne Monastery in Jerusalem. In June 1948, when the road to Jerusalem was opened, they were moved to Petah Tikva for two months. The refugees lived at the Netzah Yisrael school until the school year began,[28] later resettling in Giv'at Aliyah, a neighborhood in Jaffa organized like a kibbutz.[29]

Four years later, the returning prisoners of war of the bloc founded Nir Etzion in the Mount Carmel area near Haifa. Nir Etzion sought to accept the majority of the bloc's children into it, but despite wishing to unite in a new place of residence, the issue of joining Nir Etzion was a matter of debate among the children, many of whom joined the Nahal military unit. The survivors of Masu'ot Yitzhak, Ein Tzurim, and Revadim founded their communities anew in Israel proper.[30]

The interim period saw the rise of two movements designed to commemorate the fall of Gush Etzion, through songs, poetry, prose and cultural activities.[30] Both the land of the bloc, and the events that transpired there in the war of 1948, became sacred to the descendants of the original participants. Some compared the story of the yearning to return to the bloc to the story of the Jews yearning to return to the Land of Israel.[31] For 19 years, some survivors would gather on the Israel–Jordan frontier and gaze at the giant oak tree ("The lone oak") there in remembrance of what was. This became an annual gathering following the Independence Day ceremony (independence day was one day after the bloc had fallen). Poems and stories were written that humanized the lone tree. This was criticized by the novelist Haim Be'er, who called the bloc's settlement movements a "fervent cult" and compared them to the Canaanites.[31]

Re-establishment

Alon Shvut winery
Bridge and tunnel on Highway 60, leading from Jerusalem to Gush Etzion

As a result of the 1967 Six-Day War, Israel controlled the area of the former Etzion Bloc. A loose organisation of Bnei Akiva activists, who later coalesced into Gush Emunim, led by Hanan Porat, whose parents had been evacuated, petitioned Israeli prime minister Levi Eshkol to allow the reestablishment of Kfar Etzion.[32] Among the supporters were Ra'anan Weitz, head of the settlement department in the Jewish Agency; minister of internal affairs Haim-Moshe Shapira; and Michael Hazani of the national religious movement. Supporters of the Allon Plan in the government were also in favor of settling the bloc. Eshkol was finally persuaded to give a green light to the plan. He was not decisive however, and the settlement movement did not immediately begin to build in the entire bloc, but only on the location of Kfar Etzion. Construction began in September, 1967. Since the government initially decided not to establish civilian settlements in the captured territories, the settlement was falsely portrayed as a Nahal outpost.[33] According to Ra'anan Weitz's plan, Kfar Etzion was meant to be one of three settlements in the new bloc, which also included Aviezer. A new middle village would be established on Jewish National Fund land purchased in the 1940s.[34]

Weitz's plan of creating a line of settlements based on territorial continuity, however, had a number of opponents: the descendants of the original residents of the bloc, the settlers on the ground, the Religious Kibbutz Movement, and the Israel Defense Forces. The IDF surveyed the land and decided that, "Kfar Etzion B should be founded near the existing Kfar Etzion, and not near the former Green Line". This eventually was supported by defense minister Moshe Dayan, who envisioned five settlement points in the West Bank, one of them being the Etzion bloc. On September 30, 1968, the government gave permission to create a regional center and Hesder Yeshiva in Kfar Etzion, a major demand of the settlers and the final departure from the continuity plan.[35]

In the same decision, the government appointed a committee for planning the settlement of the bloc. In accordance with the committee's recommendations, Revadim and the settlement of Rosh Tzurim were founded on the former site of Ein Tzurim in July 1969, and Alon Shvut in June 1970.[35] Many other settlements and two municipalities (Efrat and Beitar Illit) have been founded in the area of the historic Etzion bloc, and its name was taken for the greater Gush Etzion Regional Council.

Today there is a museum about the history of Gush Etzion.[36]

Today

Here is a list of communities in modern Gush Etzion.

NameFoundedPopulation
(EOY 2008)[37]		Type
Alon Shvut 1970 3,400 Community settlement
Bat Ayin 1989 900 Community settlement
Beitar Illit 1985 38,800 Independent municipality[38]
Efrat 1983 8,300 Independent municipality[38]
Elazar 1975 1,706 Community settlement
Kfar Etzion 1967 820 Kibbutz
Gevaot 1984 75 Community settlement
Har Gilo 1968 570 Community settlement
Ibei HaNahal 1999 50 Outpost
Ma'ale Amos 1982 270 Community settlement
Ma'ale Rehav'am 2001 40 Outpost
Metzad 1984 380 Community settlement
Migdal Oz 1977 440 Kibbutz
Neve Daniel 1982 1,883 Community settlement
Nokdim 1982 1,300 Community settlement
Pnei Kedem 2000 100 Outpost
Rosh Tzurim 1969 560 Kibbutz
Sde Boaz 2002 90 Outpost
Tekoa 1975 1,600 Community settlement

Gush Etzion Junction

The entrance to the Gush Etzion bloc is the Gush Etzion Junction, which is located just west of the intersection of Route 60 and Route 367. The junction is located between Efrat and Alon Shvut and very close to Migdal Oz. It is the site of the Gush Etzion visitors' center,[39] a gas station,[39] an automotive repair shop, a Rami Levy discount supermarket,[40] an electronics store, the Gush Etzion Winery (one minute towards Alon Shvut on the north side of the road),[41][42] a bakery, natural foods store, eyeglass shop, clothing store and pizza / felafel / shawarma stands. Across the street are a nursery and car dealership. The junction is a popular hitchhiking post, both south to Hebron / Be'er Sheva and north to Jerusalem, as well as west towards Bet Shemesh and the coast) which has frequently been the site of attacks by Palestinians against Israeli citizens.[43]

2014 "State land" classifications

2014 Declarations of "State Land" in Gush Etzion settlement bloc[44]

On 6 April and 25 August 2014, the Israeli Civil Administration declared 1,000 and 3,799 dunums of land respectively in the Bethlehem Governorate within the boundaries of Surif, Nahalin, Husan, Jab'a and Wadi Fukin villages as "state land".[44] According to Peace Now, it was the largest confiscation of Palestinian land in three decades.[45]

The United States responded to the announcement by rebuking Israel for taking measures that were 'counter-productive' to the two-state solution in peace talks.[46] The expropriation was also condemned by the United Nations, the United Kingdom,[47] Egypt, France,[48] Spain,[49] Russia,[50] the European Union, Turkey, Norway, Japan[51] and Amnesty International.[52]

As of September 2014, eight years after approving the 45 km stretch of barrier enclosing Gush Etzion, no progress had been made on it. The reclassified land would be on the Palestinian side of the barrier.[53] On 21 September 2014, the government voted to not reauthorize the barrier in the Gush Etzion area.[54]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Between Jerusalem and Hebron: Jewish Settlement in the Pre-State Period, Yossi Katz, Bar Ilan University Press, pp. 8, 265.
  2. ↑
    • "An Overview of the Expansions in the Etzion Settlement Block". POICA. December 1, 2000. Archived from the original on July 28, 2012. Retrieved 2009-10-10.
    • Report of the Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian People. By United Nations Publications, United Nations. Committee on the Exercise of the Inalienable Rights of the Palestinian People, United Nations. General Assembly. United Nations Publications, 2003, ISBN 978-92-1-810275-1, p. 9.
    • Muna Hamzeh (2001). Refugees in Our Own Land: Chronicles from a Palestinian Refugee Camp in Bethlehem, Pluto Press, ISBN 978-0-7453-1652-9, p. 9.
    • SAIS Review by Johns Hopkins University School of Advanced International Studies. Published by the School of Advanced International Studies of the Johns Hopkins University, 1985, p. 238.
    • Robert I. Friedman (1992). Zealots for Zion: inside Israel's West Bank settlement movement. Random House, ISBN 978-0-394-58053-1, p. xxv.
    • William W. Harris (1980). Taking Root: Israeli Settlement in the West Bank, the Golan, and Gaza-Sinai, 1967–1980. Research Studies Press, p. 53.
  3. ↑ West Bank settlers shrug off Obama call Archived 2015-07-05 at the Wayback Machine Khaleej Times
  4. ↑ "The Geneva Convention". BBC News. 10 December 2009. Archived from the original on 5 July 2018. Retrieved 27 November 2010.
  5. ↑ "Israeli Settlements and Law". embassies.gov.il. Archived from the original on 2019-11-29. Retrieved 2019-12-03.
  6. 1 2 Benzaquen, John. "Building blocs", The Jerusalem Post, October 14, 2011. Accessed June 16, 2026. 'Gush Etzion (the Etzion Bloc) is one of the most famous names in modern Israeli history. The core of the bloc is made up of four agricultural settlements founded in the early 1940s on land purchased piecemeal between 1920 and 1930: Kfar Etzion, Massuot Yitzhak, Ein Tzurim and Revadim."
  7. ↑ Gorenberg (2007), p. 19
  8. 1 2 3 4 Morris, Benny. "Before the Kidnappings, There Was a Massacre", Tablet, June 25, 2014. Accessed June 16, 2026. "Following the fall of Kfar Etzion, the three other settlements, with British and Red Cross officials mediating, on May 13-14 surrendered to the Legion, their defenders going off to a yearlong captivity in a Jordanian POW camp in Zarqa. The settlements were looted and razed. Glubb quite accurately pointed out that the 350 Jewish survivors of the battle, almost all from Revadim, Ein Tzurim, and Massu’ot Yitzhak, were well-treated in the Jordanian POW camp in Zarqa—though, upon returning to Israel the following year, they complained of the boredom and heat."
  9. ↑ Between Jerusalem and Hebron: Jewish Settlement in the Pre-State Period, Yossi Katz, Bar Ilan University Press, p. 273.
  10. ↑ Bar-Am, Aviva; and Bar-Am, Shmuel. "In the Etzion Bloc, source of Jerusalem’s water, and defense", The Times of Israel, April 23, 2016. Accessed June 19, 2026. "From here we took the main road to a 700-year-old kermes oak just outside of Alon Shvut. Known as the Lone Oak, the tree stood at the center of the Bloc’s four little pre-State kibbutzim until, on May 12, 1948, Kfar Etzion fell to the Arab Legion and almost every defender was brutally massacred. The three other settlements quickly surrendered and their defenders were taken prisoner. After all four communities were razed by the Arabs, only the Lone Oak was left standing."
  11. ↑ ""Kfar Etzion: The Community of Memory and the Myth of Return", David Ohana, Israel Studies, volume 7, number 2, summer 2002, pp. 145-174".
  12. ↑ Katz, Yossi; Lehr, John C. (1995). "Symbolism and Landscape: The Etzion Bloc in the Judean Mountains. Yossi Katz and John C. Lehr". Middle Eastern Studies. 31 (4): 730–743. doi:10.1080/00263209508701077. JSTOR 4283758.
  13. ↑ "The History of Gush Etzion". Gush Etzion website. Archived from the original on 2009-07-30. Retrieved 2009-08-28.
  14. ↑ Naor (1986), p. 235
  15. ↑ Halickman, Sharona Margolin. "Where is Migdal Eder?", The Times of Israel, November 29, 2025. Accessed June 22, 2026. "In 1927, during the British mandate, the Yishuv of Migdal Eder was established by residents of Mea Shearim and its first inhabitants were Yemenite Jews from Tel Aviv. A company called Zichron David (in memory of Rabbi David of Kotzk) was set up by Yitchak Greenwald to manage the religious settlement whose purpose was to buy land and promote agriculture near Jerusalem hoping that this would hasten the redemption and the coming of the Mashiach.... During the riots of 1929, neighboring Arabs planned an attack. Everyone who was left on the Yishuv was evacuated before the Yishuv was burned down."
  16. ↑ "Palestine Media Center- (PMC)". www.jerusalem-hotels-il.com. Archived from the original on 2015-04-27. Retrieved 2022-05-21.
  17. ↑ Vilnay (1976), pp. 3806–3809
  18. 1 2 Ohana (2002), pp. 146–148
  19. ↑ "Gush Etzion". Peacenow | peacenow.org.il/eng/. Archived from the original on 2016-06-28. Retrieved 2026-06-28.
  20. ↑ Ben-Yehuda (1995), p. 130
  21. ↑ Kalev, Gol. "Aborting was not an option; Remembering the Lamed-Heh on the 70th anniversary of the battle that killed 35 fighters trying to save Gush Etzion during the War of Independence", The Jerusalem Post, January 18, 2018. Accessed June 22, 2026. "The next evening, on Thursday, January 15, a group of 40 students on a botanical research expedition drove from Jerusalem to the village of Hartuv, near today’s Beit Shemesh.... Danny Mass, the mission commander, argued back that by daybreak they would be close enough to Gush Etzion and if compromised, they would be able to fight their way into the Gush.... Mass eventually decided to send him back, accompanied by two other soldiers. The original group of 40 was now down by five and will forever be known as the Lamed-Heh ('35' in Hebrew letters)."
  22. ↑ "Moshe Moskovic, who had been abroad on movement business, returned to Tel Aviv in April 1948 and wrangled a place on a Piper flight. At the airfield, he was told that guns and ammunition-and matzah for Passover-would take his place in the airplane." — Gorenberg (2007), p. 20.
  23. 1 2 Ohana 2002, p. 148.
  24. 1 2 Morris (2003), pp. 135–138
  25. 1 2 Erickson et al., p. 149
  26. ↑ Kremer (2003), p. 1266
  27. ↑ Moshe Dayan, “The Story of My Life”. ISBN 978-0-688-03076-6. Page 130.
  28. ↑ Kfar Etzion: the community of memory and the myth of return
  29. ↑ The death and rebirth of Kfar Etzion Archived 2012-10-21 at the Wayback Machine, Haaretz.
  30. 1 2 Ohana (2002), pp. 149–153
  31. 1 2 Ohana (2002), pp. 153–160
  32. ↑ Rosenzweig (1989), p. 203
  33. ↑ Gershom Gorenberg (2012). The Unmaking of Israel. Harper Collins. pp. 73–75.
  34. ↑ Katz and Reichmann (1993), pp. 145–149
  35. 1 2 Katz and Reichmann (1993), pp. 149–152
  36. ↑ "Spiritual places and spots in modern Israel". israelplaces.christ2020.de. Archived from the original on 2017-11-16. Retrieved 2010-02-02.
  37. ↑ "Table 3 – Population of Localities Numbering Above 2,000 Residents" (PDF). Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. June 30, 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-04-09. Retrieved 2009-10-10.
  38. 1 2 Peace Now Archived 2009-07-21 at the Wayback Machine • Settlements in Focus Gush Etzion – November 2005
  39. 1 2 Bar-Am, Aviva (17 September 2010). "Take a Tour of Gush Etzion". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 30 May 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
  40. ↑ Rebacz, Mark (16 July 2010). "Cornering the Supermarket?". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 30 May 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
  41. ↑ "Gush Etzion Wineries". Gush Etzion. Archived from the original on 8 July 2013. Retrieved 30 May 2011.
  42. ↑ Fendel, Hillel (21 July 2010). "Gush Etzion Foresees 50 Percent Growth Rate". Arutz Sheva. Retrieved 30 May 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
  43. ↑ Ben Gedalyahu, Tzvi (13 December 2009). "Arab Terrorist Stabs Jewish Woman at Gush Etzion". Arutz Sheva. Retrieved 30 May 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
  44. 1 2 "Large area in Bethlehem declared "State Land"". OCHA. 31 August 2014. Archived from the original on 22 Aug 2024. Retrieved 22 July 2019.
  45. ↑ Chaim Levinson, Jack Khoury, ‘Israel expropriates massive tract of West Bank Land,’ Haaretz 29 August 2014.
  46. ↑ Jeffrey Heller (August 31, 2014). "Israel claims West Bank land for possible settlement use, draws U.S. rebuke". Reuters. Archived from the original on June 25, 2016. Retrieved June 26, 2016.
  47. ↑ 'Israel slammed for West Bank land expropriation,' Archived 2023-10-31 at the Wayback Machine CNN News 29 August 2014.
  48. ↑ "U.K., France, Egypt Denounce Israeli Appropriation of West Bank Land". Haaretz. Archived from the original on 2022-05-21. Retrieved 2022-05-21.
  49. ↑ "Spain Condemns Israel's Grab of 4000 Acres in West Bank". Archived from the original on 2014-09-03. Retrieved 2019-07-24.
  50. ↑ "Russia Urges Israel to Reconsider West Bank Land Appropriation". September 2014. Archived from the original on 2014-10-17. Retrieved 2019-07-24.
  51. ↑ "Here's What The World Thinks Of Israel's Controversial Land Grab". HuffPost. September 3, 2014. Archived from the original on May 21, 2022. Retrieved May 21, 2022.
  52. ↑ "Egypt slams Israel plan to seize Palestinian land". Al Arabiya English. September 1, 2014.
  53. ↑ Israel to re-authorize security barrier route near West Bank historical site Archived 2020-09-30 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 19 September 2014
  54. ↑ West Bank Battir barrier off the table for now Archived 2020-09-30 at the Wayback Machine – Retrieved 21 September 2014

Bibliography

  • Ben-Yehuda, Nachman (1995). The Masada Myth: Collective Memory and Mythmaking in Israel. University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-14834-8.
  • Erickson, Mark Daryl; Goldberg, Joseph E.; Gotowicki, Stephen H.; Reich, Bernard; Silverburg, Sanford R. (1996). An Historical Encyclopedia of the Arab-Israeli Conflict. Greenwood. ISBN 978-0-313-27374-2.
  • Gorenberg, Gershom (2007). The Accidental Empire: Israel and the Birth of the Settlements, 1967–1977. Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-8050-8241-8.
  • Katz, Yossi; Reichmann, Shalom (1993). Ginossar, Pinhas (ed.). The Jewish Settlement in the Etzion Bloc 1967–1970: Action with Prior Thought?. Studies in Zionism, the Yishuv, and the State of Israel, Volume 3 (in Hebrew). Ben Gurion University.
  • Kremer, S. Lillian (2003). Holocaust Literature: An Encyclopedia of Writers and Their Work. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-415-92984-4.
  • Morris, Benny (2003). The Road to Jerusalem: Glubb Pasha, Palestine and the Jews. I. B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-86064-989-9.
  • Naor, Mordechai, ed. (1986). Gush Etzion from its Beginning to 1948. 7th of Idan Series (in Hebrew). Yad Ben Tzvi Publishers.
  • Ohana, David (2002). "Kfar Etzion: The Community of Memory and the Myth of Return". Israel Studies. 7 (2). Indiana University Press: 145–174. doi:10.2979/ISR.2002.7.2.145. ISSN 1084-9513. S2CID 144590489.
  • Rosenzweig, Rafael N. (1989). The Economic Consequences of Zionism. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-09147-4.
  • Vilnai, Ze'ev (1976). "Kfar Etzion". Ariel Encyclopedia (in Hebrew). Vol. 4. Tel Aviv, Israel: Am Oved.

31°39′28″N 35°07′15″E / 31.657778°N 35.120833°E / 31.657778; 35.120833

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gush_Etzion&oldid=1361495021"