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Discourse and memorialization of the 1932–1933 Ukraine famine in politics

The Holodomor (Ukrainian: Голодомор, derived from Ukrainian: морити голодом, romanized: moryty holodom, lit. 'to kill by starvation') was a 1932–33 man-made famine in Soviet Ukraine and adjacent Ukrainian-inhabited territories that killed millions of Ukrainians.[1][2] Opinions and beliefs about the Holodomor vary widely among nations. It is considered a genocide by Ukraine, and Ukraine's Ministry of Foreign Affairs has sought international recognition of the famine as a genocide.[3] By 2022, the Holodomor was recognized as a genocide by the parliaments of 23 countries[4] and the European Parliament,[5] and it is recognized as a part of the Soviet famine of 1932–1933 by Russia. As of January 2025, 35 countries recognise the Holodomor as a genocide (last being Switzerland on September 24, 2024).

Background

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The classification of the Holodomor famine as a genocide has been controversial, a situation which was partially attributed to the objections of prominent Holocaust experts who took issue with the politicization of the term genocide. These experts emphasized the fact that there must be an "intent to destroy a whole group of people" and instead of using the word "genocide" as a descriptive term for the Holodomor, they used the term "mass extermination". Raphael Lemkin, who first coined genocide, was a featured speaker at a gathering of Ukrainian Americans which was held to commemorate the twentieth anniversary of the Ukrainian Famine in September 1953,[6] describing the 1932–1933 famine as one aspect of a genocide in Ukraine perpetrated by the Soviet authorities between 1926 and 1946.[7]

Recognition

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Recognition of the Holodomor by country

Ukraine's Ministry of Foreign Affairs has run campaigns and lobbied the United Nations and the Council of Europe to recognise the Holodomor as a genocide internationally.[8] The governments of various countries have issued statements recognizing the Holodomor as genocide including Ukraine since 2006,[9] and 13 other countries as of 2015[update].[10]

In November 2022, the Belarusian opposition in exile recognised the Holodomor as a genocide,[11] and Pope Francis compared the Russian war in Ukraine with its targeted destruction of civilian infrastructure to the "terrible Holodomor Genocide", during an address at St. Peter's Square.[12] As of January 2026[update], 33 countries recognise the Holodomor as a genocide.

Countries whose legislatures have passed a resolution recognizing the Holodomor as a genocide:

Countries whose legislatures have partially passed a resolution recognizing the Holodomor as a genocide:

Other political bodies whose legislatures have passed a resolution recognizing Holodomor as a genocide:

Many countries have signed declarations in statements at the United Nations General Assembly affirming that the Holodomor was as a "national tragedy of the Ukrainian people" caused by the "cruel actions and policies of the totalitarian regime".[a] Similar statements were passed as resolutions by international organizations[b] such as the European Parliament,[c] the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (PACE),[d] the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE),[53][54] and the United Nations Organization for Education, Science and Culture (UNESCO).[a]

Countries to have signed declarations for the United Nations on the Holodomor[e][f][57] include Albania,[g] Argentina,[59][60][61] Australia,[62][63][64][g] Austria,[g] Azerbaijan,[g] Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, Colombia,[67][68] Czechia,[69] Croatia, Denmark, Ecuador,[70][71] Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Mexico, Moldova, Monaco, Montenegro, Paraguay, Peru, Poland,[72][73] Portugal, Slovakia,[74][75] Spain, Ukraine, and the United States.[76]

International recognition

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United Nations

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On 10 November 2003, the Ukrainian ambassador to the United Nations presented a joint declaration at the United Nations in connection with the 70th anniversary of the Great Famine in Ukraine 1932–1933 to the United Nations General Assembly. It was signed by 25 member delegations, and by the end of the month the list of signatories grew to 36, plus the European Union.[124][125][126] The preamble stated:[127]

In the former Soviet Union millions of men, women and children fell victims to the cruel actions and policies of the totalitarian regime. The Great Famine of 1932–1933 in Ukraine (Holodomor), took from 7 million to 10 million innocent lives and became a national tragedy for the Ukrainian people. In this regard, we note activities in observance of the seventieth anniversary of this Famine, in particular organized by the Government of Ukraine. Honouring the seventieth anniversary of the Ukrainian tragedy, we also commemorate the memory of millions of Russians, Kazakhs and representatives of other nationalities who died of starvation in the Volga River region, Northern Caucasus, Kazakhstan and in other parts of the former Soviet Union, as a result of civil war and forced collectivisation, leaving deep scars in the consciousness of future generations.

Valeriy P. Kuchinsky, the chief Ukrainian representative, said that the declaration that the Holodomor was a result of the totalitarian politics of the Soviet regime was a compromise between the position of the Ukrainian government to recognize the Holodomor as genocide, and the positions of the British, Russian, and United States governments to not.[103] Subsequent declarations on significant anniversary dates have recalled the 2003 statement as well as the 2007 UNESCO resolution. The United Nations General Assembly has not recognized the Holodomor as a genocide.[128] Many states signed one or more declarations presented in plenary sessions:

  • 2003, 10 November: Joint statement on the seventieth anniversary of the Holodomor of 1932–1933 in Ukraine (signed by 36 UNGA members)[125][126][o]
  • 2008, 16 December: Declaration on the seventy-fifth anniversary of the Holodomor of 1932–1933 in Ukraine (32 members)[129][p]
  • 2013, 12 December: Joint statement on the eightieth anniversary of the Holodomor of 1932–1933 in Ukraine (32 members)[130][q]
  • 2018, 11 December: Declaration on the eighty-fifth anniversary of the Holodomor of 1932–1933 in Ukraine (38 members)[58][131][r]
  • 2023, 24 November: declaration by 55 member states.[132]
UNESCO
[edit]

At the 2007 General Conference of the UNESCO, 193 member delegations unanimously passed a resolution "On Remembrance of Victims of the Great Famine (Holodomor) in Ukraine". The 1 November statement recalled the 2003 United Nations joint statement, expressed sympathy, welcomed, and encouraged members to participate in the upcoming 75th-anniversary commemorations, and requested the director-general to promote awareness of the Holodomor.[133][134][135]

International Commission of Inquiry Into the 1932–1933 Famine in Ukraine

[edit]

The final report of the International Commission of Inquiry Into the 1932–1933 Famine in Ukraine, initiated by the Ukrainian World Congress and delivered to the UN Under-Secretary for Human Rights in Geneva on May 9 and to the President of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe on May 10, 1990, concluded that the famine in Ukraine was a genocide. At same time, the commission is unable to affirm the existence of a preconceived plan to organize a famine in Ukraine in order to ensure the success of Moscow policies; however, they concluded that Soviet authorities used the famine voluntarily, when it happened, "to crown they [sic] new policy of denationalization."[136][137]

Baltic Assembly

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In 2007, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania acting in the Baltic Assembly, issued the statement "On Commemorating the Victims of Genocide and Political Repressions Committed in Ukraine in 1932 and 1933", condemning the genocide and political repressions committed in 1932 and 1933.[138][139] The statement read:

The Baltic Assembly,

  • acknowledging that genocide and political repressions are crimes against humanity;
  • condemning the genocide and political repressions committed in 1932 and 1933 as a result of which the Ukrainian people experienced mental and physical sufferings;
  • emphasizing that the Baltic States truly understand the tragedy of the Ukrainian people because during World War II the Baltic States lost their independence, and hundreds of thousands of their permanent inhabitants were executed or deported to the remote and harsh regions of the Soviet Union;
  • stressing the Baltic States' solidarity with the Ukrainian people, proposes raising public awareness, especially the awareness of the younger generation, about genocide and other crimes against humanity;
  • expresses the deepest sympathy to the victims of genocide and political repressions, as well as to the entire Ukrainian people who have endured these sufferings.

Riga, 24 November 2007

EU-Ukraine Parliamentary Cooperation Committee

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On 14 November 2013, the EU-Ukraine Parliamentary Cooperation Committee agreed on and issued a joint statement, which stated:

Commemorates with a sense of deep sorrow the victims of the 1932–1933 Holodomor in Ukraine and urges the EU Member States to condemn the criminal actions of the totalitarian USSR regime which orchestrated the Holodomor Ukrainian genocide and to commemorate the millions of victims of the Holodomor, particularly during formal events at the Eastern Partnership Summit in Vilnius on 28 and 29 November 2013.[140][139]

2013 EU-Ukraine Eastern Partnership Summit

[edit]

Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe

[edit]

On 3 July 2008, the Parliamentary Assembly of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe passed the resolution condemning the Ukrainian famine acknowledging the direct responsibility of the Soviet action. The resolution called upon all parliaments to take measures on recognition of the fact of Holodomor in Ukraine but fell short of recognizing it as an act of genocide as requested by the document prepared by the Ukrainian delegation.[141][142]

European Parliament

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On 23 October 2008, the European Parliament passed a resolution titled "European Parliament resolution of 23 October 2008 on the commemoration of the Holodomor, the Ukraine artificial famine (1932–1933)". The resolution included the following statements:[143][144]

Whereas the Holodomor famine of 1932–1933, which caused the deaths of millions of Ukrainians, was cynically and cruelly planned by Stalin's regime in order to force through the Soviet Union's policy of collectivisation of agriculture against the will of the rural population in Ukraine. ... Makes the following declaration to the people of Ukraine and in particular to the remaining survivors of the Holodomor and the families and relatives of the victims:

  • Recognises the Holodomor (the artificial famine of 1932–1933 in Ukraine) as an appalling crime against the Ukrainian people, and against humanity;
  • Strongly condemns these acts, directed against the Ukrainian peasantry, and marked by mass annihilation and violations of human rights and freedoms;
  • Expresses its sympathy with the Ukrainian people, who suffered in this tragedy, and pays its respects to those who died as a consequence of the artificial famine of 1932–1933;
  • Calls on the countries which emerged following the break-up of the Soviet Union to open up their archives on the Holodomor in Ukraine of 1932–1933 to comprehensive scrutiny so that all the causes and consequences can be revealed and fully investigated;

Council of Europe

[edit]

In 2010, the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe approved Resolution 1723 (2010), titled "Commemorating the victims of the Great Famine (Holodomor) in the former USSR", recognising and condemning the Holodomor as a crime against humanity.[s] The resolution in part read:

Section 4: Millions of innocent people in Belarus, Kazakhstan, Moldova, Russia and Ukraine, which were parts of the Soviet Union, lost their lives as a result of mass starvation caused by the cruel and deliberate actions and policies of the Soviet regime.

Section 11: It strongly condemns the cruel policies pursued by the Stalinist regime, which resulted in the death of millions of innocent people, as a crime against humanity. It resolutely rejects any attempts to justify these deadly policies, by whatever purposes, and recalls that the right to life is non-derogable.

Resolution 1723 references Resolution 1481 (2006) on the need for international condemnation of the crimes committed by totalitarian communist regimes and recognising other groups that were impacted by the wider famine of 1932–1933.[145]

See also

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References

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Notes

[edit]
  1. 1 2 See the United Nations for a list of resolutions with references.
  2. ↑ See United Nations section for details and references.
  3. ↑ See European Parliament section for text and references for European Parliament resolution of 23 October 2008 on the commemoration of the Holodomor, the Ukraine artificial famine.
  4. ↑ See Council of Europe for details and references.
  5. ↑ For details on recognition, see National recognition.
  6. ↑ Referenced are a list of nations which were co-author sponsors of the United Nations Declaration on 85th anniversary of Holodomor.[55][56]
  7. 1 2 3 4 Nation has signed the United Nations Declaration on the Eighty-Fifth Anniversary of the Holodomor of 1932-1933 in Ukraine.[58]
  8. ↑ Bold type was used in the official press release from the Canadian Senate regarding the passing of the resolution on the Famine Genocide.
  9. ↑ The fourth Saturday of November is the day the Ukraine remembers the Holodomor.
  10. ↑ See footnotes and references in the United Nations section.
  11. ↑ English translation of text from the Holodomor Museum.
  12. 1 2 See 120 STAT. 1864 PUBLIC LAW 109–340—OCT. 13, 2006.[114][115][116][117]
  13. ↑ Referenced is further information about the design and opening of the memorial.[118][119][120]
  14. ↑ Referenced is further information about the design and operation of the memorial.[121][122][123]
  15. ↑ Nations signing the Joint Statement on the Seventieth Anniversary of the Great Famine of 1932–1933 in Ukraine (Holodomor) included Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Belarus, Benin, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Canada, Egypt, Georgia, Guatemala, Islamic Republic of Iran, Jamaica, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Nauru, Nepal, Pakistan, Peru, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Tajikistan, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, the Republic of Korea, the Republic of Moldova, the Russian Federation, the Sudan, the Syrian Arab Republic, the United Arab Emirates, the United States of America, Timor-Leste, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan.
  16. ↑ Nations signing the Declaration on the Seventy-Fifth Anniversary of the Holodomor of 1932–1933 in Ukraine included Albania, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belgium, Canada, Croatia, Czechia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxemburg, Malta, Monaco, Norway, Poland, Saint Lucia, Spain, Sweden, Ukraine, the United Kingdom, and the United States.
  17. ↑ Nations signing the Joint Statement on the Eightieth Anniversary of the Holodomor of 1932–1933 in Ukraine included Albania, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belgium, Canada, Croatia, Czechia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Moldova, Monaco, Norway, Poland, Spain, Sweden, Ukraine, the United Kingdom, and the United States.
  18. ↑ Nations signing the Declaration on the Eighty-Fifth Anniversary of the Holodomor of 1932–1933 in Ukraine included Albania, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, Croatia, Czechia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Monaco, Montenegro, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, the United Kingdom, and the United States.[58]
  19. ↑ See Section 11, Resolution 1723, Council of Europe.[145]

Citations

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  1. ↑ Jones, Adam (2016). Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction (3rd ed.). London: Routledge. p. 90. Holodomor – the Ukrainian "famine-extermination" of 1932–1933 at the hands of Stalin's Soviet regime (Chapter 5); "a compound word combining the root holod 'hunger' with the verbal root mor 'extinguish', 'exterminate' (Lubomyr Hajda, Harvard University).
  2. ↑ "The famine of 1932–33". Encyclopædia Britannica. The Great Famine (Holodomor) of 1932–33—a man-made demographic catastrophe unprecedented in peacetime. Of the estimated six to eight million people who died in the Soviet Union, about four to five million were Ukrainians... Its deliberate nature is underscored by the fact that no physical basis for famine existed in Ukraine... Soviet authorities set requisition quotas for Ukraine at an impossibly high level. Brigades of special agents were dispatched to Ukraine to assist in procurement, and homes were routinely searched and foodstuffs confiscated... The rural population was left with insufficient food to feed itself.
  3. ↑ Andriewsky, Olga (23 January 2015). "Towards a Decentred History: The Study of the Holodomor and Ukrainian Historiography". East/West: Journal of Ukrainian Studies. 2 (1): 18–52. doi:10.21226/T2301N. ISSN 2292-7956. On 28 November 2006, the Parliament of Ukraine, with the president's support and in consultation with the National Academy of Sciences, voted to recognize the Ukrainian Famine of 1932–33 as a deliberate act of genocide against the Ukrainian people ("Zakon Ukrainy pro Holodomor"). A vigorous international campaign to have the United Nations, the Council of Europe, and other governments do the same was subsequently initiated by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
  4. ↑ Boyko, Oleksandra (25 November 2022). "Chomu dlya Ukrayiny vazhlyvo, shchob svit vyznav Holodomor 1932-1933 rokiv henotsydom" Чому для України важливо, щоб світ визнав Голодомор 1932-1933 років геноцидом [Why is it important for Ukraine that the world recognizes the Holodomor of 1932-1933 as genocide]. suspilne.media (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 13 June 2024.
  5. ↑ "European Parliament recognizes Holodomor as genocide against Ukrainian people". Ukrinform. Archived from the original on 3 March 2024. Retrieved 15 December 2022.
  6. ↑ Bilinsky, Yaroslav (1999). "Was the Ukrainian Famine of 1932–1933 Genocide?". Journal of Genocide Research. 1 (2): 147–156. doi:10.1080/14623529908413948. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 October 2019. Retrieved 18 January 2021.
  7. ↑ Serbyn, Roman; Lemkin, Raphael (8 April 2009). "Lemkin on Genocide of Nations" (PDF). Journal of International Criminal Justice. 7 (1): 123–130. doi:10.1093/jicj/mqp002.
  8. ↑ Andriewsky 2015, p. 21: "On 28 November 2006, the Parliament of Ukraine, with the president's support and in consultation with the National Academy of Sciences, voted to recognize the Ukrainian Famine of 1932–33 as a deliberate act of genocide against the Ukrainian people ("Zakon Ukrainy pro Holodomor"). A vigorous international campaign was subsequently initiated by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs to have the United Nations, the Council of Europe, and other governments do the same."
  9. 1 2 3 "ZAKON UKRAYINY: Pro Holodomor 1932–1933 rokiv v Ukrayini" ЗАКОН УКРАЇНИ: Про Голодомор 1932–1933 років в Україні [LAW OF UKRAINE: About the Holodomor of 1932–1933 in Ukraine]. rada.gov.ua (in Ukrainian). 28 November 2006. Archived from the original on 3 May 2015. Retrieved 6 May 2015.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 "International Recognition of the Holodomor". Holodomor Education. Archived from the original on 31 December 2015. Retrieved 26 December 2015.
  11. ↑ "Romania and Belarus' opposition recognized Holodomor as a genocide of Ukrainians". The New Voice of Ukraine. Yahoo! News. 24 November 2022. Retrieved 25 November 2022.
  12. ↑ Pianigiani, Gaia (23 November 2022). "Pope Francis compares Russia's war against Ukraine to a devastating Stalin-era famine". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 24 November 2022. Retrieved 25 November 2022.
  13. ↑ "Belgium's House of Representatives recognises Holodomor as genocide of Ukrainians". Archived from the original on 10 March 2023. Retrieved 10 March 2023.
  14. ↑ "Bulgarian parliament recognizes Holodomor as genocide against Ukrainian people". The Kyiv Independent. 1 February 2023. Archived from the original on 30 May 2023. Retrieved 1 February 2023.
  15. ↑ "Bulgaria's National Assembly declares the Holodomor In Ukraine a genocide". 1 February 2023. Archived from the original on 3 February 2023. Retrieved 1 February 2023.
  16. ↑ "Croatian government supports recognition of Holodomor as genocide". Kyiv Independent. 15 June 2023. Archived from the original on 30 June 2023. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
  17. ↑ Thomas, Mark (28 June 2023). "Croatian Parliament Unanimously Recognizes Holodomor as Genocide against the Ukrainian People". Dubrovnik Times. Archived from the original on 1 July 2023.
  18. ↑ "The Czech Republic recognized the Holodomor of 1932–1933 as genocide in Ukraine". Archived from the original on 25 November 2022. Retrieved 25 November 2022.
  19. ↑ "Riigikogu 20. oktoobri 1993. a avaldus" [Statement by Riigikogu on 20 October 1993] (in Estonian). 20 October 1993. Retrieved 28 July 2023.
  20. ↑ "France recognizes Holodomor as genocide against Ukrainians". The Kyiv Independent. 28 March 2023. Archived from the original on 29 March 2023. Retrieved 28 March 2023.
  21. ↑ "Reconnaissance et condamnation de la grande famine de 1932–1933, connue sous le nom d'Holodomor, comme génocide" [Recognition and condemnation of the great famine of 1932–1933, known as the Holodomor, as genocide]. Assemblée nationale (in French). Archived from the original on 29 January 2023. Retrieved 30 March 2023.
  22. ↑ "French Senate recognizes 1932–1933 Holodomor as genocide of Ukrainian people". Ukrinform. 17 May 2023. Archived from the original on 21 May 2023.
  23. ↑ Sitnikova, Iryna (30 November 2022). "Німеччина визнала Голодомор геноцидом українського народу" [Germany recognized the Holodomor with the genocide of the Ukrainian people] (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 30 November 2022. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
  24. ↑ "Segja hungursneyð í Úkraínu hafa verið hópmorð" [Say the famine in Ukraine was mass murder]. Morgunblaðið (in Icelandic). 23 March 2023. Retrieved 23 March 2023.
  25. ↑ "Iceland recognizes Holodomor as genocide against Ukrainians". The Kyiv Independent. 23 March 2023. Retrieved 28 March 2023.
  26. ↑ "Iceland recognizes Holodomor as genocide against Ukrainian people". 23 March 2023. Archived from the original on 30 May 2023. Retrieved 23 March 2023.
  27. ↑ "Italian Senate recognizes Holodomor as genocide". The Kyiv Independent. 26 July 2023. Retrieved 27 July 2023.
  28. ↑ "Luxembourg's parliament recognizes Holodomor as genocide against Ukrainians". Ukrinform. 14 June 2023. Archived from the original on 15 June 2023.
  29. ↑ "Luxembourg Parliament recognises Holodomor as genocide of Ukrainian people". MSN. Ukrainska Pravda. 13 June 2023. Archived from the original on 14 July 2023.
  30. ↑ "Romania, Moldova, Ireland recognize Holodomor as genocide against Ukrainian people". 24 November 2022. Archived from the original on 21 December 2022. Retrieved 24 November 2022.
  31. ↑ "Dutch House of Representatives recognises Holodomor as genocide of Ukrainian people". Ukrainska Pravda. 7 July 2023. Archived from the original on 7 July 2023.
  32. ↑ Vaniyan, Roman (7 July 2023). "The Netherlands recognizes Holodomor as a genocide of the Ukrainian people". Ukrainian News. Archived from the original on 7 July 2023. Retrieved 7 July 2023.
  33. ↑ "Parlamento de Portugal reconheceu a Holodomor de 1932–1933 na Ucrânia como Genocídio contra o povo Ucraniano" [Parliament of Portugal recognized the Holodomor of 1932–1933 in Ukraine as Genocide against the Ukrainian people] (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 1 April 2021. Retrieved 25 November 2022.
  34. ↑ "Romania recognizes Holodomor of 1932–1933 in Ukraine as genocide". 24 November 2022. Archived from the original on 16 December 2022. Retrieved 24 November 2022.
  35. ↑ "Návrh skupiny poslancov Národnej rady Slovenskej republiky na prijatie uznesenia Národnej rady Slovenskej republiky k uznaniu hladomoru na Ukrajine v rokoch 1932–1933 za genocídu (tlač 1734). Hlasovanie o návrhu uznesenia" [Proposal of a group of deputies of the National Council of the Slovak Republic to adopt a resolution of the National Council of the Slovak Republic to recognize the famine in Ukraine in the years 1932–1933 as genocide (print 1734). Voting on the draft resolution]. National Council of the Slovak Republic website (in Slovak). 20 June 2023. Retrieved 2 July 2023.
  36. ↑ "Slovakian parliament recognises Holodomor as genocide of Ukrainian people". Ukrainska Pravda. 20 June 2023. Archived from the original on 29 June 2023. Retrieved 20 June 2023.
  37. ↑ Angleški, S. T. A. (23 May 2023). "Slovenia recognizes Holodomor as genocide". Slovenia Times. Archived from the original on 24 May 2023. Retrieved 24 May 2023.
  38. ↑ "Slovenija gladomor priznala za genocid, Zelenski se zahvaljuje poslancem" [Slovenia recognized the famine as genocide, Zelenski thanks the MPs]. 24ur.com (in Slovenian). 23 May 2023. Archived from the original on 29 May 2023. Retrieved 23 May 2023.
  39. ↑ "Swiss House of Representatives recognises Holodomor famine as genocide". SwissInfo. 24 September 2024.
  40. ↑ "Ukrainian Holodomor: Debated on Thursday 25 May 2023". UK Parliament. Archived from the original on 25 May 2023. Retrieved 30 May 2023.
  41. ↑ "The Parliament of Wales recognized the Holodomor as genocide of the Ukrainian people". European Pravda. Retrieved 25 October 2023.
  42. ↑
  43. ↑
  44. ↑ "Statement by Pope John Paul II on the 70th anniversary of the Famine". skrobach.com. 2007. Archived from the original on 30 June 2007.
  45. ↑ "The upper house of the Brazilian parliament has recognized the Holodomor as an act of genocide". Archived from the original on 16 May 2022. Retrieved 25 November 2022.
  46. ↑ "Aprovado reconhecimento do Holodomor como genocídio contra ucranianos" [Approved recognition of Holodomor as genocide against Ukrainians]. Senado Federal (in Brazilian Portuguese). Archived from the original on 3 May 2022. Retrieved 14 December 2022.
  47. ↑
  48. ↑ "European Parliament recognizes Holodomor as genocide against Ukrainian people". Ukrinform. Archived from the original on 24 December 2022. Retrieved 15 December 2022.
  49. ↑ Dahm, Julia (15 December 2022). "EU parliament votes to recognise 'Holodomor' famine as genocide". Euractiv. Archived from the original on 15 December 2022. Retrieved 20 December 2022.
  50. ↑ "PACE recognises Holodomor as genocide". Ukrainska Pravda. 12 October 2023.
  51. ↑ "O priznanii Golodomora 1932 — 1933 godov v Ukraine aktom genotsida ukrainskogo naroda" О признании Голодомора 1932 — 1933 годов в Украине актом геноцида украинского народа [On the Recognition of the Holodomor]. chechen-government.com (in Russian). Retrieved 19 April 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
  52. ↑ The New Voice of Ukraine (18 October 2022). "Ukraine recognizes the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria". Yahoo! News.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
  53. ↑ "Joint Statement of the OSCE participating States: Andorra, Azerbaijan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Canada, the Czech Republic, Estonia, France, Georgia, Germany, Holy See, Hungary, Ireland, Latvia, Lithuania, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Moldova, Norway, Poland, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Ukraine, the United Kingdom, the United States of America "On 75th Anniversary of the Holodomor of 1932 and 1933 in Ukraine"". Madrid: Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Ukraine. 30 November 2007. Archived from the original (DOC) on 19 February 2009. Retrieved 9 December 2007.
  54. ↑ "25 OSCE-Participant Countries Adopt Joint Statement "On 75th Anniversary of Holodomor in Ukraine 1932–1933"". Ukrinform. 4 December 2007. Retrieved 9 December 2007.
  55. ↑ "Thirty-eight states co-author UN Declaration on 85th anniversary of Holodomor". UNIAN. Retrieved 1 February 2021.
  56. ↑ "Declaration on the Eighty-Fifth Anniversary of the Holodomor of 1932-1933 in Ukraine". Permanent Mission of Ukraine to the United Nations. 7 December 2018. Retrieved 1 February 2021.
  57. ↑
  58. 1 2 3 "Ukraine initiated at the UN the Declaration on the Eighty-Fifth Anniversary of the Holodomor of 1932-1933 in Ukraine". Permanent Mission of Ukraine to the United Nations. 7 December 2018. Archived from the original on 28 September 2023. Retrieved 1 February 2021.
  59. ↑ "Resolução do Senado da Argentina (n.º1278/03)" [Resolution of the Senate of Argentina (No. 1278-03)]. 26 June 2003.
  60. ↑ "Senador Nacional Carlos Alberto Rossi" [National Senator Carlos Alberto Rossi]. Honorable Senate of the Nation. Archived from the original on 4 July 2004. Retrieved 13 February 2007.
  61. ↑ "Argentinean Parliament approved resolution to commemorate 1932 to 1933 Holodomor victims in Ukraine". Government Portal (Ukraine). 28 December 2007. Archived from the original on 1 July 2017.
  62. ↑
  63. 1 2 Australian House of Representatives (22 February 2008). "Statement on the 75th Anniversary of the Ukrainian Famine" (PDF). Australian House of Representatives. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 October 2021. Retrieved 24 February 2021.
  64. 1 2 Australian Senate (30 October 2003). "Resolution #680" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 October 2021. Retrieved 24 February 2021.
  65. ↑ "Colombia Recognizes Holodomor Famine In Ukraine In 1932-1933 As Genocide". Ukrainian News Service. 24 December 2007. Archived from the original on 26 December 2007.
  66. ↑ "Columbia declares Holodomor an act of genocide". Ukrainian Helsinki Human Rights Union. 25 December 2007. Archived from the original on 19 February 2009. Retrieved 26 March 2008.
  67. ↑ "Parlament České republiky, Poslanecká Sněmovna – 535 Usnesení Poslanecké sněmovny z 23. schůze 30. listopadu 2007" [The Parliament of the Czech Republic, Chamber of Deputies – Resolution 535 of Chamber of Deputies from the 23rd meeting of 30 November 2007] (PDF). Parliament of the Czech Republic (in Czech). 30 November 2007. Retrieved 23 February 2016.
  68. ↑ "Aprueba resolución: Congreso se solidariza con pueblo Ucraniano" [Resolution passed: Congress is in solidarity with Ukrainian people]. National Congress of Ecuador (in Spanish). 30 October 2007. Archived from the original on 2 November 2007. Retrieved 31 October 2007.
  69. ↑ "Eduacor Recognized Holodomor in Ukraine!". Mignews. Ukrainskie novosti. 31 October 2007. Archived from the original on 4 March 2008.
  70. ↑ Jurek, Marek (6 December 2006). "UCHWAŁA Sejmu Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej z dnia 6 grudnia 2006 r. w sprawie uczczenia ofiar Wielkiego Głodu na Ukrainie". Sejm Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej.
  71. ↑ "Sprawozdanie – Komisji Ustawodawczej oraz Komisji Spraw Zagranicznych – o projekcie uchwały w sprawie rocznicy Wielkiego Głodu na Ukrainie" [Report of the Legislative Committee and Foreign Affairs Committee – on the project resolution concerning the anniversary of the Great Famine in Ukraine] (PDF). Senate of the Republic of Poland (in Polish). 14 March 2006. Retrieved 24 July 2016.
  72. ↑ "NR SR: Prijali deklaráciu k hladomoru v bývalom Sovietskom zväze" [National Council: Adopted a declaration on the Holodomor in the former Soviet Union] (in Slovak). EpochMedia. 13 December 2007. Archived from the original on 19 February 2009. Retrieved 26 March 2008.
  73. ↑ "Slovak Parliament Recognizes Holodomor of 1932–1933 in Former USSR, Including in Ukraine, "Extermination Act". Ukrinform. 13 December 2007. Archived from the original on 7 August 2011. Retrieved 13 December 2007.
  74. ↑ "Holodomor 1932–1933. Reference, Government Reports, Laws". HOLODOMOR : The famine-genocide of Ukraine, 1932–1933. Connecticut Holodomor Committee. Retrieved 28 December 2015.
  75. ↑ "Resolution of the House of Representatives of the US (HRES 356 EH)" (PDF). U.S. Government Printing Office. 20 October 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 November 2012.
  76. 1 2 "U. S. Commission on the Ukraine Famine, Report to Congress: Findings". U.S. Commission on the Ukraine Famine. faminegenocide.com. 19 April 1988. Archived from the original on 4 June 2011. Retrieved 26 February 2016.
  77. 1 2 3 4 Applebaum, Anne (2017). Red famine: Stalin's war on Ukraine. New York: Doubleday. pp. 336–345. ISBN 978-0-385-53885-5. OCLC 1000150623.
  78. ↑ "Про Звернення до Українського народу учасників спеціального засідання Верховної Ради України 14 травня 2003 року щодо вшанування пам'яті жертв голодомору 1932–1933 років" [On the appeal to the Ukrainian people of the participants of the special session of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine on May 14, 2003 to commemorate the victims of the 1932–1933 famine]. Verkhovna Rada. 15 May 2003. Archived from the original on 9 December 2013.
  79. ↑ "Holodomor and Holocaust denial to be a criminal offense", 3 April 2007
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  82. ↑ "Public denial of Holodomor Famine of 1932–1933 in Ukraine as genocide of Ukrainian people to be prosecuted". Radio Ukraine International. 10 December 2007. Archived from the original on 3 December 2010.
  83. ↑ Sheeter, Laura (24 November 2007). "Ukraine remembers famine horror". BBC News. Archived from the original on 31 July 2012. Retrieved 21 July 2012.
  84. ↑ Interfax-Ukraine (12 January 2010). "Holodomor court hearings begin in Ukraine". KyivPost.com. Archived from the original on 3 March 2014. Retrieved 21 July 2012.
  85. ↑ Interfax-Ukraine (27 April 2010). "Our Ukraine Party: Yanukovych violated law on Holodomor of 1932-1933". Kyiv Post. Archived from the original on 30 September 2012. Retrieved 10 August 2010.
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  88. ↑ "Saskatchewan Recognizes The Holodomor With A Special Service Of Remembrance". Saskatchewan.ca. 19 November 2019. Retrieved 6 March 2021.
  89. ↑ Djuric, Mickey (19 November 2019). "Saskatchewan's Ukrainian community gathers to remember Holodomor". Global News Canada. Retrieved 6 March 2021.
  90. ↑ Colombian House of Representatives (10 December 2007). "Worldwide Recognition of the Holodomor as Genocide". Retrieved 6 March 2021.
  91. ↑ "Convegno internazionale di studi: La grande carestia, la fame e la morte della terra nell'Ucraina del 1932–33" [International conference: A great famine, starvation and death in the land of Ukraine in 1932–33] (PDF) (in Italian). Italian Association of Ukrainian Studies (AISU). October 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 February 2005.
  92. ↑ Mace, James (21 October 2003). "The Great Famine-Genocide in Soviet Ukraine (Holodomor): Intellectual Europe on Ukrainian Genocide". The Day Weekly Digest. artukraine.com. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 26 February 2016.
  93. ↑ "Worldwide Recognition of the Holodomor as Genocide". Національний музей Голодомору-геноциду. 18 October 2019. Retrieved 15 May 2022.
  94. ↑ Gutterman, Steve (2 April 2008). "Russia: 1930s Famine Was Not Genocide". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 8 April 2008.
  95. ↑ Viachaslau, Viachaslau; Smigel, M. (2009). "Ukrainian famine of 1932-33: historiography, historical memory and historical policy in central and Eastern Europe" (PDF). Retrieved 15 February 2025.
  96. 1 2 News Ru Russia owes Ukraine no apologies" thinks vice-speaker of the Duma Released on 5th of December, 2006.
  97. ↑ "Russian MFA Information and Press Department Commentary Regarding the Discussion in the Ukrainian Press of the So Called Holodomor of 1932-1933". 13 November 2006.
  98. 1 2 Borysov, Dmytro. "Російський дипломат заперечив голодомор" [Russian diplomat denies the Holodomor]. Lvivska Hazeta (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 1 December 2005. У серпні цього року Валерій Кучинський, голова постійного представництва України при ООН, розповів під час зустрічі з українськими журналістами, що текст цієї спільної заяви став компромісом між членами ООН, прибічниками визнання Голодомору 1932-1933 рр. актом геноциду й опонентами цієї ідеї, зокрема Великобританії, США та Росії. У Великобританії та США, на думку експертів, були свої підстави опонувати визнанню Голодомору 1932-1933 рр. в Україні актом геноциду – серед яких, відповідно, жорстка колоніальна політика в минулому та дискримінація й винищення корінного населення США. Натомість компромісною формулою для засудження Голодомору 1932-1933 рр., за словами Валерія Кучинського, стало визнання його результатом політики тоталітарного режиму. [full text invisible due to an HTML error, but present in the archived web page's source code]
  99. ↑ "EU denounces 1930s Ukrainian famine as crime". Kyiv Post. 23 October 2008. Archived from the original on 5 June 2011.
  100. ↑ "Ukraine Demanding That Russia Punish Eurasian Youth Union Members For Smashing Famine Exhibition In Moscow". ukranews.com. November 2007.[dead link]
  101. ↑ Bovt, Georgy (24 April 2008). "Equating Holodomor With Genocide". The Moscow Times. Archived from the original on 4 June 2011. Retrieved 1 May 2008.
  102. ↑ Najarian, Mark (5 October 2018). "U.S. Senate Says Stalin 'Committed Genocide' In Famine-Hit Ukraine". Radio Free Europe. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
  103. ↑ "S.Res.435 - 115th Congress (2017-2018): A resolution expressing the sense of the Senate that the 85th anniversary of the Ukrainian Famine of 1932-1933, known as the Holodomor, should serve as a reminder of repressive Soviet policies against the people of Ukraine". Congress.gov. The Senate of the United States. 3 October 2018. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
  104. ↑ "Full Text - S.Res.435 - 115th Congress (2017-2018)". Congress.gov. The Senate of the United States. 3 October 2018. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
  105. ↑ "U.S. House of Representatives recognizes Holodomor as genocide of Ukrainian people". 12 December 2018. Retrieved 5 February 2021.
  106. ↑ "U.S. House unanimously passes Ukraine Holodomor resolution". Retrieved 5 February 2021.
  107. ↑ "Texas recognizes Holodomor of 1932-33 in Ukraine as genocide". Ukrinform. 31 May 2021. Retrieved 31 May 2021.
  108. ↑ Mace, James E. (1988). "The Politics of Famine: American Government and Press Response to the Ukrainian Famine, 1932–1933". Holocaust and Genocide Studies. 3 (1): 75–94. doi:10.1093/hgs/3.1.75. PMID 20684118.
  109. ↑ Government of the United States. "120 STAT. 1864 PUBLIC LAW 109–340—OCT. 13, 2006" (PDF). Retrieved 6 February 2021.
  110. ↑ "Holodomor Memorial Dedication Ceremony". Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation. Archived from the original on 17 March 2016. Retrieved 29 April 2016.
  111. ↑ Dietsch, Deborah K. (24 July 2014). "Local architect designs Washington memorial to victims of genocidal famine in Ukraine". The Washington Post. Retrieved 6 February 2021.
  112. ↑ "National Park Service- Holodomor Memorial to Victims of the Ukrainian Famine-Genocide of 1932-1933". National Park Service. Archived from the original on 28 June 2023. Retrieved 6 February 2021.
  113. ↑
  114. ↑ "Holodomor Memorial presented in Washington". UNIAN. 5 August 2015. Retrieved 7 November 2015.
  115. ↑ McDaniels, Andrea K. (7 November 2015). "Organizers, including Timonium man, hope to educate with Ukrainian memorial in D.C." The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved 7 November 2015.
  116. ↑ "Holodomor Memorial to Victims of the Ukrainian Famine-Genocide of 1932–1933". Archived from the original on 28 June 2023. Retrieved 29 April 2016.
  117. ↑ "Holodomor Memorial (U.S. National Park Service)". National Park Service. Archived from the original on 29 February 2024. Retrieved 5 February 2021.
  118. ↑ "Architect Larysa Kurylas speaks about the making of the Holodomor Memorial". Ukrweekly.com. 6 March 2020. Archived from the original on 7 September 2023. Retrieved 5 February 2021.
  119. ↑ "30 U.N. member-states sign joint declaration on Great Famine" (PDF). The Ukrainian Weekly. 71 (46): 1, 20. 16 November 2003. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 March 2014. Retrieved 22 July 2012.
  120. 1 2 Kuchinsky, Valeriy (7 November 2003). "Letter dated 16 December 2008 from the Permanent Representative of Ukraine to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General (annex: Joint statement on the seventieth anniversary of the Great Famine of 1932–1933 in Ukraine [Holodomor])". UNDocs. United Nations. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
  121. 1 2 Kuchinsky, Valeriy (12 December 2003). "Letter dated 28 November 2003 from the Permanent Representative of Ukraine to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General". UN Docs. United Nations. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
  122. ↑ Joint Statement on Holodomor
  123. ↑ "Opinion: Does the UN have the courage to recognize the Holodomor as genocide?". Calgary Herald. 24 November 2018. Archived from the original on 31 January 2022. Retrieved 5 February 2021.
  124. ↑ Sergeyev, Yuriy (16 December 2008). "Letter dated 16 December 2008 from the Permanent Representative of Ukraine to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General (annex: Declaration on the seventy-fifth anniversary of the Holodomor of 1932-1933 in Ukraine)". UN Docs. United Nations. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
  125. ↑ Sergeyev, Yuriy. "Letter dated 9 December 2013 from the Permanent Representative of Ukraine to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General (annex: Joint statement on the eightieth anniversary of the Holodomor of 1932-1933 in Ukraine)". UN Docs. United Nations. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
  126. ↑ Yelchenko, Volodymyr (11 December 2018). "Letter dated 5 December 2018 from the Permanent Representative of Ukraine to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General (annex: Declaration on the eighty-fifth anniversary of the Holodomor of 1932–1933 in Ukraine)". UN Docs. United Nations. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
  127. ↑ "UN declaration commemorating Holodomor anniversary signed by 55 nations". The Kyiv Independent. 24 November 2023. Archived from the original on 28 September 2023. Retrieved 24 November 2023.
  128. ↑ "34 C/50: Remembrance of Victims of the Great Famine (Holodomor) in Ukraine" (PDF). UNESCO. 8 October 2007. Archived from the original on 21 May 2011. Retrieved 15 October 2007.
  129. ↑ "UNESCO Calls On Its Member-Countries To Honor Memories Of Victims Of 1932-1933 Famine In Ukraine". Ukrainian News Agency. 1 November 2007. Archived from the original on 4 November 2007.
  130. ↑ Siruk, Mykola (6 November 2007). "UNESCO resolution commemorating Holodomor victims". The Day. Retrieved 7 November 2007.
  131. ↑ "Final Report of International Commission of Inquiry Into the 1932–33 Famine in Ukraine" (PDF). p. 48. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 September 2008.
  132. ↑ International Commission of Inquiry into the 1932–33 Famine in Ukraine; Sundberg, Jacob W. F. "International Commission of Inquiry into the 1932–33 Famine in Ukraine. The Final Report (1990): Commentary by Professor Jacob Sundberg". Stockholm Institute of Public and International Law (IOIR). Archived from the original on 26 November 2016. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
  133. ↑ "Statement On Commemorating the Victims of Genocide and Political Repressions Committed in Ukraine in 1932 and 1933" (PDF). Baltic Assembly (26th Session of the Baltic Assembly, 13th Baltic Council, from 22 to 24 November 2007). Riga. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 May 2020. Retrieved 9 December 2007.
  134. 1 2 Baltic Assembly (24 November 2007). "Worldwide Recognition of the Holodomor as Genocide". Holodomor Museum. Archived from the original on 22 May 2024. Retrieved 24 February 2021.
  135. ↑ EU-Ukraine Parliamentary Cooperation Committee (14 November 2013). "Joint Statement: 2013 EU-Ukraine Parliamentary Cooperation Committee" (PDF). EU-Ukraine Parliamentary Cooperation Committee. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 April 2024. Retrieved 24 February 2021.
  136. ↑ ПА ОБСЕ приняла резолюцию по голодомору на Украине. Геноцидом он не признан, Newsru.com, 3 July 2008 г.
  137. ↑ ПА ОБСЕ приняла резолюцию по Голодомору в Украине, korrespondent.net, 3 July 2008
  138. ↑ "Parliament recognises Ukrainian famine of 1930s as crime against humanity". European Parliament. 23 October 2008. Archived from the original on 9 July 2011. Retrieved 31 January 2021.
  139. ↑ "Text of European Parliament resolution of 23 October 2008 on the commemoration of the Holodomor, the Ukraine artificial famine (1932-1933)". European Parliament. European Union. Archived from the original on 28 January 2023. Retrieved 31 January 2021.
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