Hypothalamic–pituitary hormones are hormones that are produced by the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. Although these organs are relatively small, the hormones have effects throughout the body. They can be classified as a hypothalamic–pituitary axis (HP axis), of which the adrenal (HPATooltip hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis), gonadal (HPGTooltip hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis), thyroid (HPTTooltip hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid axis), somatotropic (HPSTooltip hypothalamic–pituitary–somatotropic axis), and prolactin (HPPTooltip hypothalamic–pituitary–prolactin axis) axes are branches.
| HPT axis | HPA axis | HPG axis | HPS axis | HPP axis | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hypothalamic hormone | TRHTooltip Thyrotropin-releasing hormone | CRHTooltip Corticotropin-releasing hormone | GnRHTooltip Gonadotropin-releasing hormone | GHRHTooltip Growth hormone-releasing hormone | Dopamine (inhibitor) |
| Pituitary cells | Thyrotrope | Corticotrope | Gonadotrope | Somatotrope | Lactotrope |
| Pituitary hormone | TSHTooltip Thyroid-stimulating hormone | ACTHTooltip Adrenocorticotropic hormone | LHTooltip Luteinizing hormone and FSHTooltip Follicle-stimulating hormone | GHTooltip Growth hormone | Prolactin |
| End organ | Thyroid | Adrenal | Gonads (testes or ovaries) | Liver | Mammary gland |
| Product | Thyroxine | Cortisol | Testosterone, estradiol | IGF-1Tooltip Insulin-like growth factor 1 | Milk (no feedback) |
The function of these hormones may be altered by physical activity.[2]
Details
[edit]ADH (vasopressin) and oxytocin are stored and released by the posterior pituitary.
The anterior pituitary is an amalgam of hormone-producing glandular cells. Unlike the posterior, the neurosecretory cells in the anterior pituitary synthesize their own hormones, which are transported through the pituitary portal system. These hormones are prolactin, growth hormone, TSH, adrenocorticotropic hormone, FSH and LH. Some have targets in glands and some have direct function.
Conditions related to the limbic system regulate hormone release. The thalamus may also, with pain. Many of these stimuli come from the senses. Temperature control can be found in the hypothalamus. These hormones also regulate water balance and hunger, and are associated with water balance control (ADH). Other examples:
- Corticotropic releasing hormone (CRH): stimulates ACTH secretion
- Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH): stimulates TSH and prolactin secretion
- Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH): stimulates GH secretion
- Somatostatin: inhibits GH (and other hormone) secretion
- Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH): stimulates FSH and LH secretion
- Prolactin releasing hormone (PRH): stimulates PRL secretion
- Prolactin inhibiting hormone (dopamine): inhibits PRL secretion
These hypothalamic hormones are secreted in pulse. They act on specific membrane receptors. They are also glycoproteins. They stimulate:
- release of pituitary hormones
- synthesis of pituitary hormones
- release of stored pituitary hormones
- hyperplasia
- hypertrophy
The anterior pituitary produces prolactin, GH, TSH, ACTH, FSH, and LH. Fifteen to 20 percent of corticotroph cells produce ACTH. The targets are the adrenal glands, adipocytes and melanocytes. Three to five percent of thyrotroph cells produce TSH. Ten to 15 percent are gonadotrophic and produce LH and FSH. Forty to 50 percent are somatotrophic and produce GH, in childhood in particular. Ten to 15 percent are lactotrophic and produce prolactin.
References
[edit]- ↑ Melmed S, Jameson JL (2005). "Disorders of the anterior pituitary and hypothalamus". In Kasper DL, Braunwald E, Fauci AS, et al. (eds.). Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine (16th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. pp. 2076–97. ISBN 0-07-139140-1.
- ↑ Bobbert T, Brechtel L, Mai K, et al. (November 2005). "Adaptation of the hypothalamic-pituitary hormones during intensive endurance training". Clinical Endocrinology. 63 (5): 530–6. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2005.02377.x. PMID 16268805.