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Catholic religious movement
Mass celebrated ad orientem according to the Tridentine form of the Roman Rite. The ornate altar and priests' vestments are characteristic of Traditionalist Catholic practice.

Traditionalist Catholicism is a movement that emphasizes beliefs, practices, customs, traditions, liturgical forms, devotions and presentations of teaching associated with the Catholic Church before the Second Vatican Council (1962–1965).[1][2] Traditionalist Catholics particularly emphasize the Tridentine Mass, the Roman Rite liturgy largely replaced in general use by the post–Second Vatican Council Mass of Paul VI.

Many traditionalist Catholics disliked the liturgical changes that followed the Second Vatican Council, and prefer to continue to practice pre-Second Vatican Council traditions and forms. Some also see present teachings on ecumenism as blurring the distinction between Catholics and other Christians. Traditional Catholicism is often more conservative in its philosophy and worldview, promoting a modest style of dressing and teaching a complementarian view of gender roles.[3]

Some traditionalist Catholics reject the current papacy of the Catholic Church and follow positions of sedevacantism, sedeprivationism, or conclavism. As these groups are no longer in communion with the pope and the Holy See, they are not regarded by the Holy See to be members of the Catholic Church.[4][2] A distinction is often made between these groups (sometimes called radical traditionalists) and those who adhere to current papal authority but prefer traditional practices.[2]

History

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Toward the end of the Second Vatican Council, Father Gommar DePauw came into conflict with Cardinal Lawrence Shehan, Archbishop of Baltimore, over the interpretation of the council's teachings, particularly on liturgical matters. In January 1965, DePauw incorporated an organization called the Catholic Traditionalist Movement in New York State, purportedly with the support of Cardinal Francis Spellman, Archbishop of New York.[5]

By the late 1960s and early 1970s, conservative Catholics opposed to or uncomfortable with the theological, social and liturgical developments brought about by the Second Vatican Council began to coalesce.[6] In 1973, the Orthodox Roman Catholic Movement (ORCM) was founded by two priests, Francis E. Fenton and Robert McKenna, and set up chapels in many parts of North America to preserve the Tridentine Mass.[6] Priests who participated in this were listed as being on a leave of absence by their bishops, who disapproved of their actions.[6]

In 1970, French Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre founded the Society of Saint Pius X (SSPX), made up of priests who would say only the Traditional Latin Mass and who opposed what he saw as excessive liberal influences in the Church after Vatican II. In 1988, Lefebvre and another bishop consecrated four men as bishops without papal permission, resulting in excommunication latae sententiae for all six men directly involved. Some members of the SSPX, unwilling to participate in what they considered schism, left and founded the Priestly Fraternity of Saint Peter (FSSP), which celebrates the Tridentine Mass and is in full communion with the Holy See. In 2009, Pope Benedict XVI lifted the excommunications of the four surviving bishops, but clarified that the society had "no canonical status within the Catholic Church."[7]

The Istituto Mater Boni Consilii (IMBC) was founded in 1985. It is a sedeprivationist religious congregation of clergy who were dissatisfied with the SSPX's position on the Pope, i.e., acknowledging John Paul II as pope but disobeying him. Sedeprivationists hold that the current occupant of the papal office is a duly elected pope but lacks the authority and ability to teach or govern unless he recants the changes brought by the Second Vatican Council.[8]

Some Catholics took the position of sedevacantism, which teaches Pope John XXIII and his successors are heretics and therefore cannot be considered popes, and that the Catholic Church's sacraments are not valid. One sedevacantist group, the Society of Saint Pius V (SSPV), broke off from the SSPX in 1983, due to liturgical disputes. Another sedevacantist group, the Congregation of Mary Immaculate Queen (CMRI), formed spontaneously among the followers of Francis Schuckardt, but he was later expelled due to scandals and CMRI is now more aligned with other sedevacantist groups.

Other groups known as Conclavists have elected their own popes in opposition to the post–Vatican II pontiffs. They are not considered serious claimants except by their very few followers.

Different types

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Tridentine Mass in a chapel of the Cathedral of the Holy Cross, Boston, Palm Sunday 2009

Canonically regular with the Holy See

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Since the Second Vatican Council, several traditionalist organizations have been started with or have subsequently obtained approval from the Catholic Church. These organizations accept the documents of the Second Vatican Council and regard the changes associated with the Council (such as the revision of the Mass) as legitimate, but celebrate the older forms with the approval of the Holy See.

There are also multiple monastic communities, including

See Communities using the Tridentine Mass for a more detailed list.

Society of Saint Pius X

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The Society of Saint Pius X (SSPX) was founded in 1970, with the authorization of the bishop of Lausanne, Geneva and Fribourg, by Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre. Lefebvre was declared to have incurred automatic excommunication in 1988, after illicit consecrations. In January 2009 the Prefect of the Congregation for Bishops remitted the excommunications the Congregation had declared to have been incurred by the Society's bishops in 1988.[9]

More recently, the Vatican has granted SSPX priests the authority to hear confessions and has authorized local ordinaries, in certain circumstances, to grant delegation to SSPX priests to act as the qualified witness required for valid celebration of marriage.[10] The Our Lady of Guadalupe Monastery in Silver City, New Mexico, which is affiliated with the SSPX, is seeking Vatican approval through the society.[11]

In 2017, a statement from the Holy See said the SSPX had an irregular canonical status "for the time being".[12]

Sedeprivationists

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Sedeprivationists hold the view that the current occupant of the papal office is a duly elected pope but lacks the authority and ability to teach or govern unless he recants the changes brought by the Second Vatican Council. Sedeprivationists teach that the popes from Pope John XXIII onward fall into this category.[8] Sedeprivationism is currently endorsed by two groups:

Sedevacantists

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Sedevacantists hold the view that the Vatican II popes have forfeited their position through their acceptance of heretical teachings connected with the Second Vatican Council and consequently there is at present no true pope.[13] This constitutes an act of schism and is an offense which can result in excommunication.[14][15] They conclude, on the basis of their rejection of the revised rite of Mass and of certain aspects of postconciliar Church teaching as false, that the popes involved are also false.[16] This is a minority position among traditionalist Catholics[13][17] and a highly divisive one,[16][17] so that many who hold it prefer to say nothing of their view,[16] while other sedevacantists have accepted episcopal ordination from sources such as Archbishop Pierre Martin Ngô Đình Thục.[17]

The terms sedevacantist and sedevacantism derive from the Latin phrase sede vacante ("while the chair/see [of Saint Peter] is vacant").[13] Sedevacantist groups include:

Conclavists

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Conclavism is the belief and practice of some who, claiming that all recent occupants of the papal see are not true popes, elect someone else and propose him as the true pope to whom the allegiance of Catholics is due.

Positions

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Pope Benedict XVI contrasted the "hermeneutic of discontinuity and rupture" that some apply to the Council (an interpretation adopted both by certain traditionalists and by certain "progressives")[20] with the "hermeneutic of reform, as it was presented first by Pope John XXIII in his Speech inaugurating the Council on 11 October 1962 and later by Pope Paul VI in his Discourse for the Council's conclusion on 7 December 1965."[21] He made a similar point in a speech to the bishops of Chile in 1988, when he was still Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger:

Archbishop Lefebvre declared that he has finally understood that the agreement he signed aimed only at integrating his foundation into the "Conciliar Church". The Catholic Church in union with the Pope is, according to him, the 'Conciliar Church' which has broken with its own past. It seems indeed that he is no longer able to see that we are dealing with the Catholic Church in the totality of its Tradition, and that Vatican II belongs to that.[22]

Responding to a comment that some consider tradition in a rigid way, Pope Francis remarked in 2016, "there's a traditionalism that is a rigid fundamentalism; this is not good. Fidelity on the other hand implies growth. In transmitting the deposit of faith from one epoch to another, tradition grows and consolidates itself with the passing of time, as St Vincent of Lérins said [...] 'The dogma of the Christian religion too must follow these laws. It progresses, consolidates itself with the years, developing itself with time, deepening itself with age'."[23]

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Radical Traditionalists' claims that substantive changes have taken place in Catholic teaching and practice since the Council often crystallize around the following specific alleged examples:

  • Sedevacantist Donald J. Sanborn rejects an ecclesiology that he claims fails to recognize the Catholic Church as the one true church established by Jesus Christ, and instead holds that the Roman Catholic Church is some subset of the church Christ founded. He sees some of the confusion as stemming from an unclear understanding of the phrase "subsists in" which appears in the Vatican II document Lumen gentium, and which the Church has declared applies uniquely to the Catholic Church and means the "perduring, historical continuity and permanence of all the elements instituted by Christ in the Catholic Church, in which the Church of Christ is concretely found on this earth". He claims that this "new ecclesiology" contradicts Pope Pius XII's Mystici corporis Christi and other papal documents.[24]
  • The SSPX denounces a teaching on collegiality that attributes to the bishops of the world a share, with the Pope, of responsibility for the Church's governance in a way that it claims is destructive of papal authority and encourages a "national" church mentality that undermines the primacy of the Holy See. It also claims that national bishops' conferences, whose influence greatly increased following the Council, "diminish the personal responsibility of bishop[s]" within their dioceses.[25]
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Those who, in response to these criticisms by certain traditionalists, defend the decisions of the Second Vatican Council and the subsequent changes made by the Holy See make the following counterclaims:

  • The criticisms are false, exaggerated, or lacking appreciation of the organic character of Tradition, traditionalist criticisms that Dignitatis humanae contradicts the Church's earlier teaching on religious liberty are an example.[26]
  • Traditionalists who claim that there has been a break from and discontinuity with the Church's traditional teaching are displaying a Protestant attitude of "private judgment" on matters of doctrine instead of accepting the guidance of the Magisterium of the Church.[27]
  • Traditionalists fail to distinguish properly between changeable pastoral practices (such as the liturgy of the Mass) and the unchangeable principles of the Catholic faith (such as the dogmas surrounding the Mass).[28]
  • Traditionalists of this kind treat papal authority in much the same way as the dissident, liberal Catholics. While liberals believe that, on sexual matters, "the Pope can teach whatever he wants... but whether or not he should be listened to is very much an open question", the stance of certain traditionalists on the reform of the Mass liturgy and contemporary teachings on ecumenism and religious liberty amounts to the view that, on these issues, "faithful Catholics are always free to resist [the Pope's] folly. [...] As theories of religious dissent go, Catholic liberals couldn't ask for anything more."[29]
  • Traditionalists claim that the Second Vatican Council was pastoral (and not infallible), but Paul VI subsequently emphasized the authoritative nature of the Council's teachings.[30]

Reception

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Integrism is traditionalist Catholicism that integrates social and political contexts. Kay Chadwick described Catholic integrism as a holding "anti-Masonic, anti-liberal and anti-Communist" political objectives. She also noted its alignment with the right-wing press and an annual Parisian Joan of Arc procession with participation by both integrists and National Front supporters. A Tridentine Mass was celebrated before the annual National Front party meeting. Lefebvre was fined in France for "racial defamation" and "incitement to racial hatred" for proposing the removal of immigrants—particularly Muslims—from Europe. Lefebvre also supported Latin American dictatorships, Charles Maurras, Philippe Pétain, and the continued occupation of French Algeria.[31][page needed]

The Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC) used the term radical traditionalist Catholics to refer to those who "may make up the largest single group of serious anti-Semites in America, subscribe to an ideology that is rejected by the Vatican and some 70 million mainstream American Catholics. Many of their leaders have been condemned and even excommunicated by the official church."[2] The SPLC claims that adherents of radical traditional Catholicism "routinely pillory Jews as 'the perpetual enemy of Christ'",[2][32] reject the ecumenical efforts of the Vatican, and sometimes assert that all recent Popes are illegitimate.[2] The SPLC says that adherents are "incensed by the liberalizing reforms" of the Second Vatican Council (1962–1965) which condemned hatred for Jewish people and "rejected the accusation that Jews are collectively responsible for deicide in the form of the crucifixion of Christ"[2] and that "Radical traditional Catholics" also embrace "extremely conservative social ideals with respect to women."[2]

In January 2023, the FBI's Richmond Field Office produced an internal memorandum identifying "radical-traditionalist Catholics" as potential domestic violent extremists, proposing surveillance of parishes and development of sources among clergy.[33] The memo relied on the Southern Poverty Law Center's designation of nine "radical traditionalist Catholic hate groups" as a key source.34 The document was withdrawn after it was leaked in February 2023, drawing bipartisan condemnation from Attorney General , who called it "appalling", and FBI Director , who said he was "aghast".

In the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church

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Since the Second Vatican Council, various Eastern Catholic Churches have removed some practices and emphases that were derived from those of the Latin Church. Opposition to this has been given relatively high publicity with regard to the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church (UGCC).

Background

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Even before the Second Vatican Council, the Holy See declared it important to guard and preserve whole and entire forever the customs and distinct forms for administering the sacraments in use in the Eastern Catholic Churches (Pope Leo XIII, encyclical Orientalium Dignitas).[58] Leo's successor Pope Pius X said that the priests of the newly created Russian Catholic Church should offer the Divine Liturgy Nec Plus, Nec Minus, Nec Aliter ("No more, No Less, No Different") than priests of the Russian Orthodox Church and the Old Believers.[59][60]

In the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church, liturgical de-latinization began with the 1930s corrections of the liturgical books by Metropolitan Andrey Sheptytsky. According to his biographer Cyril Korolevsky [fr], Metropolitan Andrey opposed the use of coercion against those who remained attached to Latin liturgical practices, fearing that any attempt to do so would lead to a Greek Catholic equivalent of the 1666 Schism within the Russian Orthodox Church.[61]

De-latinization in the UGCC gained further momentum with the 1964 decree Orientalium Ecclesiarum of the Second Vatican Council and several subsequent documents. Latinizations were discarded within the Ukrainian diaspora, while among Byzantine Catholics in Western Ukraine, forced into a clandestine existence following the Soviet ban on the UGCC, the latinizations remained, "an important component of their underground practices".[62] In response, some priests, nuns, and candidates for the priesthood found themselves, "forced towards the periphery of the church since 1989 because of their wish to 'keep the tradition'." In some eparchies, particularly those of Ivano-Frankivsk and Ternopil-Zboriv, the bishops would immediately suspend any priest who, "displayed his inclination toward 'traditionalist' practices".[63]

Vlad Naumescu reports that an article in the February 2003 issue of Patriayarkhat, the official journal of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church, written by a student of the Ukrainian Catholic University, which since its 1994 foundation has been "the strongest progressive voice within the Church". The article named priests and parishes in every eparchy in Ukraine as being involved in "a well-organized movement" and who described themselves as "traditionalists". According to the article, they constituted "a parallel structure" with connections with the Society of St. Pius X and with a charismatic leader in Father Basil Kovpak, the pastor of St. Peter and Paul's Church in the suburb of Lviv-Riasne.[64]

According to Vlad Naumescu, "Religious life in a traditionalist parish followed the model of the 'underground church.' Devotions were more intense, with each priest promoting his parish as a 'place of pilgrimage' for the neighboring areas, thus drawing larger crowds on Sunday than his local parish could provide. On Sundays and feast days, religious services took place three times a day (in Riasne), and the Sunday liturgy lasted for two and a half to three hours. The main religious celebrations took place outside the church in the middle of the neighborhood, and on every occasion traditionalists organized long processions through the entire locality. The community was strongly united by its common opponent, re-enacting the model of the 'defender of faith' common to times of repression. This model, which presupposes clear-cut attitudes and a firm moral stance, mobilized the community and reproduced the former determination of the 'underground' believers."[65]

Priestly Society of Saint Josaphat

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The Priestly Society of Saint Josaphat (SSJK), which operates a seminary, Basilian convent, and numerous parishes, receives priestly orders from the bishops of the SSPX. Its superior, Father Basil Kovpak, has accused the UGCC hierarchy of using intense psychological pressure against priests who are reluctant or unwilling to de-Latinise.

In 2003, Cardinal Liubomyr Huzar, Major Archbishop of Kyiv-Galicia, excommunicated Kovpak, but this act was later declared null and void by the Roman Rota due to lack of canonical form.

On 22 November 2006, Bishop Richard Williamson, who was then a member of the Society of St. Pius X (SSPX), ordained two priests and seven deacons in Warsaw, Poland, for the SSJK. Father John Jenkins, an SSPX priest who was present, later remarked, "We were all very edified by their piety, and I myself was astonished by the resemblance of the atmosphere amongst the seminarians with that which I knew in the seminary – this in spite of the difference of language, nationality and even rite."[66]

Archeparch Ihor Vozniak of Lviv, the archeparchy in which the PSSJ is most active, denounced the ordinations as a "criminal act" and condemned Kovpak's participation in the ceremony. He stressed that the two priests whom Williamson had ordained would not receive faculties within the archeparchy.[67] Officials of the Lviv archdiocese said that Kovpak could face excommunication, and that "'he deceives the church by declaring that he is a Greek (Byzantine) Catholic priest,' while supporting a group [SSPX] that uses the old Latin liturgy exclusively, eschewing the Byzantine tradition, and does not maintain allegiance to the Holy See."[68]

Kovpak's excommunication process was restarted by the hierarchy of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church and was confirmed by the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith on 23 November 2007.[69]

Sedevacantism and Conclavism in the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church

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In March 2008, a group of Basilian priests in Pidhirtsi, Ukraine, announced that four of them had been consecrated as bishops in order to save the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church (UGCC) from heresy and apostasy; in August 2009, they announced the formation of the Ukrainian Orthodox Greek Catholic Church.[70] Having elected Czech Basilian priest Anthony Elias Dohnal as "Patriarch Elijah", they declared that the Holy See was vacant, establishing the Ukrainian Orthodox Greek Catholic Church (UOGCC).[71][72]

The group was promptly excommunicated by the UGCC,[73] an act that was later confirmed by the Apostolic Signatura[74] and the Congregation for the Doctrine of Faith.[75]

The UOGCC later "elected" a new Pope, Archbishop Carlo Maria Viganò, the former Apostolic Nuncio to the United States, in October 2019. Whether Viganò accepted this "election" is unclear.[76]

There have been allegations in both The New York Times and the Lviv-based newspaper Expres that the church leadership is linked to the Russian intelligence services.[77]

Relations with the Holy See

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The Holy See recognises as fully legitimate the preference that many Catholics have for the earlier forms of worship. This was stated in Pope John Paul II's 1988 apostolic letter Ecclesia Dei and Pope Benedict XVI's 2007 motu proprio Summorum Pontificum. The Holy See does not extend its approval to those who oppose the present-day Church leadership, which is reiterated in Traditionis Custodes.[78]

Ecclesia Dei Commission

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The Pontifical Commission Ecclesia Dei was founded in July 1988 in the wake of John Paul II's apostolic letter Ecclesia Dei. Benedict XVI was a member of the Commission during his tenure as Cardinal Prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith. Speaking on 16 May 2007 to the Fifth General Conference of the Bishops of Latin America and the Caribbean, Cardinal Castrillón, the current head of the Commission, said his department had been founded for the care of those "traditionalist Catholics" who, while discontented with the liturgical reform of the Second Vatican Council, had broken with Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre "because they disagreed with his schismatic action in ordaining Bishops without the required papal mandate". He added that at present the Commission's activity is not limited to the service of those Catholics, nor to "the efforts undertaken to end the regrettable schismatic situation and secure the return of those brethren belonging to the Fraternity of Saint Pius X to full communion." It extends also, he said, to "satisfying the just aspirations of people, unrelated to the two aforementioned groups, who, because of their specific sensitiveness, wish to keep alive the earlier Latin liturgy in the celebration of the Eucharist and the other sacraments."[79]

In 2019, Pope Francis suppressed this commission and transferred its responsibilities directly to the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith.[80]

Validity of holy orders

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According to the Catholic Church, the conferring of holy orders may be valid but illicit.[81] The Catholic Church considers the orders of traditionalist clergy who are in good standing with the Holy See, such as the clergy of the Priestly Fraternity of Saint Peter or the Institute of Christ the King Sovereign Priest, to be both valid and licit. It saw as valid but illicit the orders of the bishops and priests of the Society of Saint Pius X after the remission of four excommunicated bishops by Pope Benedict [82] until the excommunication of the entire order by Pope Leo XIV in 2026.[83]

The Holy See declared devoid of canonical effect the consecration ceremony conducted by Archbishop Pierre Martin Ngô Đình Thục for the Carmelite Order of the Holy Face group on December 31, 1975, while expressly refraining from pronouncing on its validity. It made the same statement with regard also to any later ordinations that those bishops might confer, saying that:

as for those who have already thus unlawfully received ordination or any who may yet accept ordination from these, whatever may be the validity of the orders (quidquid sit de ordinum validitate), the Church does not and will not recognise their ordination (ipsorum ordinationem), and will consider them, for all legal effects, as still in the state in which they were before, except that the [...] penalties remain until they repent.[84]

Demographics

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In 2005, Catholic World News reported that "the Vatican" estimated the number of those served by the Fraternity of St Peter, the Society of St Pius X and similar groups at "close to 1 million".[85]

List of groups

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This is a list of notable traditionalist Catholic groups. Some are in full communion with the Holy See; some have irregular status according to doctrines and disciplines of the Catholic Church.

As of 2023, the largest priestly communities described as traditionalist are Society of Saint Pius X (SSPX) with 707 priests, Priestly Fraternity of Saint Peter (FSSP) with 368 priests, Institute of Christ the King Sovereign Priest (ICKSP) with 147 priests and Institute of the Good Shepherd (IBP) with 61 priests.

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Independent groups

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Sedevacantist groups

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Sedeprivationist groups

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Conclavist groups

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See also

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Doctrinal and liturgical issues

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Comparable phenomena in other churches

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Other

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Media

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References

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  1. ↑ Collinge, William J. (2012). "Traditionalism". Historical Dictionary of Catholicism. Historical Dictionaries of Religions, Philosophies, and Movements Series (2nd ed.). Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 433–434. ISBN 978-0-8108-7979-9. LCCN 2011035077.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "Radical Traditional Catholicism". Intelligence Files. Southern Poverty Law Center. 2011.
  3. ↑ Ochstein, Jennifer (7 September 2017). "A progressive, feminist evangelical considers joining the Catholic Church". America Magazine. Retrieved 26 April 2021.
  4. ↑ "Library : Schismatic Traditionalists". www.catholicculture.org. Retrieved 2023-07-12.
  5. ↑ Allitt, Patrick (1993). Catholic intellectuals and conservative politics in America, 1950–1985. Ithaca: Cornell Univ. Press. p. 130. ISBN 978-0-8014-2295-9.
  6. 1 2 3 Dugan, George (6 January 1974). "Latin Mass of Old Is Luring Catholics". The New York Times. Retrieved 18 April 2021.
  7. ↑ "Letter to the Bishops of the Catholic Church concerning the remission of the excommunication of the four Bishops consecrated by Archbishop Lefebvre (March 10, 2009) | BENEDICT XVI". www.vatican.va.
  8. 1 2 Pasulka, Diana Walsh (2015). Heaven Can Wait: Purgatory in Catholic Devotional and Popular Culture. Oxford University Press. p. 180. ISBN 978-0-19-538202-0.
  9. ↑ "Pope lifts excommunications of Lefebvrite bishops". Catholicnews.com. 27 January 2009. Archived from the original on January 31, 2009. Retrieved 30 June 2011.
  10. ↑ "New pastoral provisions for Sacrament of Marriage for SSPX". Retrieved 2 November 2017.
  11. ↑ Villagran, Lauren (25 December 2013). "Men come to monastery 'to seek God'". Albuquerque Journal. Retrieved 26 April 2023.
  12. ↑ Lamb, Christopher (2017-04-05). "Francis grants SSPX right to celebrate marriage in sign of reconciliation". The Tablet. Retrieved 2023-05-30.
  13. 1 2 3 Collinge, William J. (23 February 2012). Historical Dictionary of Catholicism. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 9780810879799. Retrieved 15 February 2015.
  14. ↑ Horn, Trent. "Answering Sedevacantism (with Michael Lofton)". Catholic Answers. Retrieved 2025-04-09.
  15. ↑ "Schism And Mortal Sin – Jimmy Akin". 2006-09-25. Retrieved 2025-04-09.
  16. 1 2 3 Weaver, Mary Jo; Scott Appleby, R. (1995). Being Right. Indiana University Press. ISBN 0253329221. Retrieved 15 February 2015.
  17. 1 2 3 Fundamentalisms Observed. University of Chicago Press. July 1994. ISBN 9780226508788. Retrieved 15 February 2015.
  18. ↑ A more comprehensive list of objections can be found at "Letter of 'the Nine' to Abp. Marcel Lefebvre", The Roman Catholic, Traditional mass, May 1983
  19. ↑ "Obituary of The Most Reverend Clarence J. Kelly | Dufresne & Cavanaugh Funeral Home". dufresneandcavanaugh.com. Retrieved 2023-12-11.
  20. ↑ "CatholicHerald.co.uk » Prefect of the CDF says seeing Vatican II as a 'rupture' is heresy". Catholic Herald. 30 November 2012. Retrieved 15 February 2015.
  21. ↑ "Address of His Holiness Benedict XVI to the Roman Curia offering them his Christmas greetings". Vatican.va. Retrieved 30 June 2011.
  22. ↑ "Cardinal Ratzinger's Address to Bishops of Chile". Archived from the original on 15 July 2007. Retrieved 15 February 2015.
  23. ↑ O'Connell, Gerard (December 6, 2016). "Pope Francis: There will be no 'reform of the reform' of the liturgy". America.
  24. ↑ Sanborn, Donald J. (1992). Communion: Ratzinger's New Ecclesiology (PDF).
  25. ↑ Wrighton, Basil (16 January 2014). "Collegiality: error of Vatican II". Society of Saint Pius X. Retrieved 3 March 2015.
  26. ↑ Fr. Brian W. Harrison, O.S. Vatican II and Religious Liberty: Contradiction or Continuity? catholic.net
  27. ↑ "On Waffling, Tradition and the Magisterium". Catholicculture.org. Retrieved 30 June 2011.
  28. ↑ Schluenderfritz, Malcolm (2022-03-30). "Is it so different?". Where Peter Is. Retrieved 2023-05-30.
  29. ↑ Michael W. Cuneo, The Smoke of Satan: Conservative and Traditionalist Dissent in Contemporary American Catholicism (JHU Press, 1999 ISBN 0-8018-6265-5, ISBN 978-0-8018-6265-6), p. 119
  30. ↑
  31. ↑
  32. ↑ "Radical Traditionalist Catholics Spew Anti-Semitic Hate, Commit Violence Against Jews", Southern Poverty Law Center, 2006
  33. ↑ "The FBI's Breach of Religious Freedom: The Weaponization of Law Enforcement Against Catholic Americans" (PDF). House Judiciary Committee. December 4, 2023. Retrieved November 24, 2025.
  34. ↑ "No Bias Found in F.B.I. Report on Catholic Extremists (Published 2024)". 2024-04-19. Archived from the original on 2025-08-26. Retrieved 2025-10-03.
  35. ↑ "FBI Director Wray grilled as House GOP members allege 'politicization' of the agency". NPR. July 12, 2023. Retrieved November 24, 2025.
  36. ↑ Phillips, Maggie (12 July 2022). "Back to the Land". Tablet Magazine. Retrieved 26 July 2023.
  37. ↑ Code of Canon Law, canon 928 (emphasis added)
  38. ↑ "Motu Proprio Summorum Pontificum on the "Roman liturgy prior to the reform of 1970" (July 7, 2007) | BENEDICT XVI". www.vatican.va.
  39. ↑ "Letter to the Bishops that accompanies the Apostolic Letter "Motu Proprio data" Summorum Pontificum on the Roman liturgy prior to the reform of 1970 (July 7, 2007) | BENEDICT XVI". www.vatican.va.
  40. ↑ "Summorum Pontificum, art. 2". Sanctamissa.org. Archived from the original on 10 October 2012. Retrieved 30 June 2011.
  41. ↑ "Summorum Pontificum, art. 4". Sanctamissa.org. Archived from the original on 10 October 2012. Retrieved 30 June 2011.
  42. ↑ "Summorum Pontificum, art. 5". Sanctamissa.org. Archived from the original on 10 October 2012. Retrieved 30 June 2011.
  43. ↑ "Press Release from the General Superior of the Priestly Society of Saint Pius X, 7 July 2007". Fsspx.org. 17 June 2011. Archived from the original on 19 February 2009. Retrieved 30 June 2011.
  44. ↑ Allen, Elise Ann (16 July 2021). "Francis reverses Benedict's liberalization of use of older Latin Mass". Crux. Retrieved 16 July 2021.
  45. ↑ "Motu proprio Sacram communionem". Ewtn.com. Retrieved 30 June 2011.
  46. ↑ "Canon 919". Intratext.com. 4 May 2007. Retrieved 30 June 2011.
  47. ↑ "Lesson 28 — Holy Communion". Congregation of Mary Immaculate Queen. 6 September 2016. Retrieved 2 March 2021. 3. All Catholics may receive Holy Communion after fasting three hours from food and alcoholic drinks and one hour from non-alcoholic drinks. This rule applies to Holy Communion at midnight Mass as well as at Masses celebrated in the morning, afternoon or evening. A priest's permission is not needed. 4. Catholics are urged to observe the eucharistic fast from midnight as formerly, and also to compensate for the use of the new privileges by works of charity and penance, but these practices are not obligatory.
  48. ↑ Mater Dei Latin Mass Parish (2017-02-23). "Fasting and Abstinence - Current and Traditional Practices". Mater Dei Catholic Parish. Retrieved 2023-05-30.
  49. ↑ Anscar J. Chupungco, Handbook for Liturgical Studies: The Eucharist (Liturgical Press, 1999 ISBN 0-8146-6163-7, ISBN 978-0-8146-6163-5) p. 307
  50. ↑ Kunzler, Michael (2001). The Church's Liturgy. LIT Verlag Berlin-Hamburg-Münster. p. 241. ISBN 3-8258-4854-X., ISBN 9783825848545
  51. ↑ Sacred Congregation for Divine Worship, Letter "En réponse a la demande" to presidents of those conferences of bishops petitioning the indult for communion in the hand, 29 May 1969 published also in Acta Apostolicae Sedis, 61 (1969) 546–547
  52. ↑ Why should Catholics have nothing to do with the Novus Ordo Missae?. sspx.org
  53. 1 2 Fisher, Simcha (3 December 2019). "The types of women who veil at Mass". America Magazine. Retrieved 15 November 2020.
  54. ↑ Cieslik, Emma (4 October 2021). ""Smells and Bells": Catholic Material Religion in Twenty-First-Century America". Smithsonian Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage. Retrieved 11 October 2024.
  55. ↑ Schar, Amanda. "Feminism and Faith: How Women Find Empowerment in the Roman Catholic Church" (2019). Celebration of Learning.
  56. ↑ Moczar, Diane (2013). The Church Under Attack: Five Hundred Years that Split the Church and Scattered the Flock. Sophia Institute Press. p. 202. ISBN 978-1-933184-93-7.
  57. ↑ Evans, Rachel Held (2012). A Year of Biblical Womanhood. Thomas Nelson. p. 126. ISBN 978-1-59555-367-6.
  58. ↑ Pope Leo XIIl (30 November 1894). "Orientalium dignitas". Retrieved 15 February 2015.
  59. ↑ "Eastern Catholic Churches and the Question of 'Uniatism'". ResearchGate.
  60. ↑ George Thomas Kurian; Mark A. Lamport (10 November 2016). Encyclopedia of Christianity in the United States. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 1724. ISBN 978-1-4422-4432-0.
  61. ↑ Cyril Korolevsky, Metropolitan Andrew (1868–1944), Translated and Edited by Fr. Serge Keleher. Stauropegion Brotherhood, Lviv, 1993.
  62. ↑ Stéphanie Mahieu and Vlad Naumescu (2008), Churches In-between: Greek Catholic Churches in Postsocialist Europe, Halle Studies in the Anthropology of Eurasia. Page 162, Footnote 10.
  63. ↑ Stéphanie Mahieu and Vlad Naumescu (2008), Churches In-between: Greek Catholic Churches in Postsocialist Europe, Halle Studies in the Anthropology of Eurasia. Pages 164–165.
  64. ↑ Vlad Naumescu, "Continuities and Ruptures of a Religious Tradition: Making ‘Orthodoxy’ in the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church" in Stephanie Mahieu, Vlad Naumescu (editors), Churches In-between: Greek Catholic Churches in Postsocialist Europe (LIT Verlag Münster 2008), pp. 161–162, ISBN 978-3-8258-9910-3
  65. ↑ Stephanie Mahieu, Vlad Naumescu (editors), Churches In-between: Greek Catholic Churches in Postsocialist Europe (LIT Verlag Münster 2008), page 164. ISBN 978-3-8258-9910-3
  66. ↑ "La Porte Latine - Jenkins anglais". Archived from the original on 23 August 2006. Retrieved 11 August 2006.
  67. ↑ The Holy See likewise declared SSPX priests "suspended from exercising their priestly functions" (Letter of Monsignor Camille Perl, Secretary of the Ecclesia Dei Commission Archived 2 February 2003 at the Wayback Machine). A minority of them - ordained before 1976 by archbishop Marcel Lefebvre for the SSPX - remain incardinated in several European dioceses. They are thus in the same position as excommunicated Kovpak, who is incardinated in the Ukrainian Archdiocese of Lviv. The newly ordained clergy, however, are not incardinated into any Ukrainian Catholic diocese, and thus are not clergy of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church.
  68. ↑ Catholic World News: Byzantine Catholics decry Lefebvrite inroads into Ukraine The accusation of "eschewing the Byzantine tradition" refers to Father Kovpak's championing of Latinising elements which were followed by Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church since the 17th century, but forcibly purged following the Second Vatican Council.
  69. ↑ Ukrainian priest excommunicated Catholic World News, 21 November 2007
  70. ↑ Decree of Establishment of the UOGCC. Uogcc.org.ua (11 August 2009). Retrieved on 2013-07-04.
  71. ↑ Declaration of an excommunication upon Pope Benedict XVI and John Paul II. Uogcc.org.ua. Retrieved on 4 July 2013.
  72. ↑ "Pastoral letter for the Catholic Church".
  73. ↑ "UOGCC / English / About Church". uogcc.org.ua. Retrieved 2023-10-09.
  74. ↑ "Vatican Says Excommunication of "Pidhirtsi Fathers" Final". risu.org.ua. 2012-04-02. Archived from the original on 2012-04-02. Retrieved 2023-10-09.
  75. ↑ NULL (2012-03-29). "Dichiarazione della Santa Sede sui "sedicenti vescovi greco-cattolici di Pidhirci"". ZENIT - Italiano (in Italian). Retrieved 2023-10-09.
  76. ↑ "Habemus papam |". Retrieved 2023-10-09.
  77. ↑ Higgins, Andrew (June 21, 2014). "Ukrainian Church Faces Obscure Pro-Russia Revolt In Its Own Ranks". The New York Times.
  78. ↑
  79. ↑ The text of Cardinal Castrillón's speech, in the language in which he gave it, can be consulted at Intervención sobre Ecclesia Dei-16 de mayo de 2007 Archived 25 May 2007 at the Wayback Machine (Retrieved 17 May 2007) or at Intervención sobre Ecclesia Dei – Card. Darío Castrillón Hoyos, Presidente Ecclesia Dei[permanent dead link] (Retrieved 7 December 2008). English translations may be consulted at Rorate Caeli (Retrieved 7 December 2008), and extracts are given in English at Adoremus Bulletin Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine(Retrieved 7 December 2008).
  80. ↑ Tornielli, Andrea (19 January 2019). "Ecclesia Dei, exceptional nature ends". Vatican News. Retrieved 14 February 2024.
  81. ↑ See especially Canons 1012–1023
  82. ↑ Letter of His Holiness Pope Benedict XVI to the Bishops of the Catholic Church concerning the remission of the excommunication of the four Bishops consecrated by Archbishop Lefebvre by Pope Benedict XVI concerning his remission of the excommunication of the four bishops of the Society of St Pius X
  83. ↑ "Excommunication decreed for Lefebvrite episcopal ordinations - Vatican News". www.vaticannews.va. 2026-07-02. Retrieved 2026-07-03.
  84. ↑ Sacred Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, Decree Episcopi qui alios of 17 September 1976 – Acta Apostolicae Sedis 1976, page 623.
  85. ↑ McCaffrey, Roger A.; Woods Jr., Thomas E. (May 2005). "Catholic World News : "All We Ask is for the Mass"". Cwnews.com. Archived from the original on 2 February 2006. Retrieved 30 June 2011.
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