 | This article needs more citations. (October 2021) |
| Voiceless alveolar implosive | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ɗ̥ | |||
| ƭ | |||
| Audio sample | |||
| |||
A voiceless alveolar implosive is a rare consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɗ̥ ⟩ or theoretically ⟨tʼ↓⟩. A dedicated IPA letter, ⟨ƭ⟩, was retired in 1993.
Features
[edit]Features of a voiceless alveolar implosive:
- Its manner of articulation is occlusive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Since the consonant is also oral, with no nasal outlet, it is a plosive.
- Its place of articulation is alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
- Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords.
- It is an oral consonant, which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.
- It is a median consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream down the midline of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- The airstream mechanism is implosive (glottalic ingressive), which means it is produced by pulling air in by pumping the glottis downward. As it is voiceless, the glottis is completely closed, and there is no pulmonic airstream at all.
Occurrence
[edit]| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ese Ejja | dokwei | [ɗ̥ɔ'kwεj] | 'stag' | [1] | |
| Mam[2] | tʼutʼan | [ɗ̥ɯɗ̥aŋ] | 'finish' | Alternates between [ɗ̥] and [tʼ].[2] | |
| Serer[3] | [example needed] | Contrasts /ɓ̥, ɗ̥, ʄ̊, ɓ, ɗ, ʄ/. | |||
| Igbo | Owere | [example needed] | Has a seven-way contrast of /tʰ t ɗ̥ dʱ d ɗ n/. | ||
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ↑ Vuillermet, Marine (14 September 2012). A grammar of Ese Ejja, a Takanan language of the Bolivian Amazon (PDF) (PhD thesis) (in French and English). Lumière University Lyon 2. p. 167. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-02-24. Retrieved 2023-06-30.
- 1 2 England, Nora C. (1983). A grammar of Mam, a Mayan language. Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 0292729278. OCLC 748935484.
- ↑ Mc Laughlin (2005:203)
Works cited
[edit]- Mc Laughlin, Fiona (2005), "Voiceless implosives in Seereer-Siin", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 35 (2): 201–214, doi:10.1017/S0025100305002215, S2CID 145717014
