| Voiceless uvular fricative | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| χ | |||
| ꭓ | |||
| IPA number | 142 | ||
| Audio sample | |||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | χ | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+03C7 | ||
| X-SAMPA | X | ||
| Braille |   | ||
| |||
A voiceless uvular fricative is a type of consonantal sound that is used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is either a Latin or Greek-style chi, ⟨χ⟩. The historical IPA symbol for this sound was ⟨ᴚ⟩, a turned small capital R, and was officially changed to ⟨χ⟩ in 1928.[1] In Americanist phonetic notation the sound is represented by ⟨x̣⟩ (ex with underdot), or sometimes by ⟨x̌⟩ (ex with caron). In broad transcription it may be transcribed ⟨x⟩, or ⟨r⟩ if rhotic.
Many languages claimed to have a voiceless uvular fricative may actually have a voiceless uvular fricative trill.
Features
[edit]Features of a voiceless uvular fricative:
- Its manner of articulation is fricative, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.
- Its place of articulation is uvular, which means it is articulated with the back of the tongue (the dorsum) at the uvula.
- Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
- It is an oral consonant, which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.
- It is a median consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream down the midline of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air only with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most speech sounds.
Occurrence
[edit]| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Afrikaans[2][3] | goed | [χut] | 'good' | Varies between a fricative and a fricative trill when word-initial.[2] See Afrikaans phonology. | |
| Armenian | խաղ / xaġ | [χɑʁ] | 'game' | ||
| Azerbaijani[citation needed] | sancaq | [sɑndʒɑχ] | 'pin' | Colloquial pronunciation of word-final q. | |
| Blackfoot | Some speakers | ᖳᐠᐦᖽ / Aohkíí | [ɔχkíː] | 'water' | Most speakers always pronounced 'h' as /x/ in central and back vowels. |
| Breton | Some speakers | c'hwec'h | [χwɛχ] | 'six' | |
| Chuvash | хăна / hăna | [χəˈna] | 'guest' | ||
| Danish | Standard[4] | pres | [ˈpχæs] | 'pressure' | Before /r/, aspiration of /p, t, k/ is realized as devoicing of /r/.[5] Usually transcribed in IPA with ⟨ʁ⟩. See Danish phonology. |
| English | Scouse[6] | clock | [kl̥ɒχ] | 'clock' | Possible word-final realization of /k/; varies between a fricative and a fricative trill.[6] |
| neck | [nɛχ] | 'neck' | |||
| Welsh[7][8] | Amlwch | [ˈamlʊχ] | 'Amlwch' | Occurs only in loanwords from Welsh;[7] usually transcribed in IPA with ⟨x⟩. See English phonology | |
| White South African[3][9] | gogga | [ˈχɒχə] | 'insect' | Less commonly velar [x], occurs only in loanwords from Afrikaans and Khoisan.[3] Usually transcribed in IPA with ⟨x⟩. See White South African English phonology and English phonology. | |
| French | très | [t̪χɛ] | 'very' | Allophone of /ʁ/ in contact with voiceless consonants. See French phonology | |
| German | Standard[10] | Dach | [daχ] | 'roof' | Appears only after certain back vowels. See Standard German phonology |
| Chemnitz dialect[11] | Rock | [χɔkʰ] | 'skirt' | In free variation with [ʁ̞], [ʁ], [ʀ̥] and [q].[11] Does not occur in coda.[11] | |
| Lower Rhine[12] | Wirte | [ˈvɪχtə] | 'hosts' | In free variation with [ɐ] between a vowel and a voiceless coronal consonant. | |
| Hebrew[13] | מֶלֶךְ / mélekh | [ˈme̞le̞χ] | 'king' | Usually a fricative trill.[13] See Modern Hebrew phonology. | |
| Luxembourgish[14] | Zuch | [t͡suχ] | 'train' | See Luxembourgish phonology. | |
| Portuguese | General Brazilian[15] | rompimento | [χõpiˈmẽtʊ] | 'rupture' (noun) | Some dialects, corresponds to rhotic consonant /ʁ/. See Portuguese phonology. |
| Ripuarian[17] | ach | [ɑχ] | 'eight' | Allophone of /x/ after back vowels. Fronted to [ç] or [ʃ] after front vowels and consonants.[17] It may be transcribed in IPA with ⟨x⟩. See Colognian phonology, Kerkrade dialect phonology and Hard and soft G in Dutch | |
| Spanish | Ponce dialect[18] | perro | [ˈpe̞χo̞] | 'dog' | This and [ʀ̥] are the primary realizations of /r/ in this dialect.[18] See Spanish phonology. |
| Tlingit | -dáx̱ | [dáχ] | 'from, out of' | Occurs plain, labialised, ejective, and labialised ejective. | |
| Turkmen | gahar | [ɢɑχɑɾ] | |||
See also
[edit]Notes
[edit]- ↑ Association Phonétique Internationale (1928:52)
- 1 2 3 "John Wells's phonetic blog: velar or uvular?". 5 December 2011. Retrieved 30 April 2015.
- 1 2 3 Bowerman (2004:939): "White South African English is one of very few varieties to have a velar fricative phoneme /x/ (see Lass (2002:120)), but this is only in words borrowed from Afrikaans (...) and Khoisan (...). Many speakers use the Afrikaans uvular fricative [χ] rather than the velar."
- ↑ Basbøll (2005), pp. 62, 65–66.
- ↑ Basbøll (2005), pp. 65–66.
- 1 2 Wells (1982), pp. 372–373.
- 1 2 Wells (1982), p. 389.
- ↑ Tench (1990), p. 132.
- ↑ Wells (1982), p. 619.
- ↑ Hall (1993:100), footnote 7, citing Kohler (1990)
- 1 2 3 Khan & Weise (2013), p. 235.
- ↑ Hall (1993), p. 89.
- 1 2 Laufer (1999), p. 98.
- ↑ Gilles & Trouvain (2013), p. 68.
- ↑ Barbosa & Albano (2004), pp. 5–6.
- 1 2 Bodelier (2011), p. 19.
- 1 2 "ProQuest Document View - The Spanish of Ponce, Puerto Rico: A phonetic, phonological, and intonational analysis".
References
[edit]- Association Phonétique Internationale (1928), "desizjɔ̃ ofisjɛl", Le Maître Phonétique, Troisième Série, 6 (23): 51–53, JSTOR 44704266
- Barbosa, Plínio A.; Albano, Eleonora C. (2004), "Brazilian Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (2): 227–232, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001756
- Basbøll, Hans (2005), The Phonology of Danish, Taylor & Francis, ISBN 0-203-97876-5
- Bodelier, Jorina (2011), Tone and intonation in the Lemiers dialect of Ripuarian (MA General Linguistics Thesis), Amsterdam: University of Amsterdam
- Bowerman, Sean (2004), "White South African English: phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.), A handbook of varieties of English, vol. 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 931–942, ISBN 3-11-017532-0
- Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009), Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company
- Gilles, Peter; Trouvain, Jürgen (2013), "Luxembourgish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (1): 67–74, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000278
- Hall, Tracy Alan (1993), "The phonology of German /ʀ/", Phonology, 10 (1): 83–105, doi:10.1017/S0952675700001743, S2CID 195707076
- Hualde, José Ignacio; Ortiz de Urbina, Jon (2003), A Grammar of Basque, Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, ISBN 3-11-017683-1
- Hess, Wolfgang (2001), "Funktionale Phonetik und Phonologie" (PDF), Grundlagen der Phonetik, Bonn: Institut für Kommunikationsforschung und Phonetik, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, archived from the original (PDF) on 2005-05-04, retrieved 2005-05-07
- Khan, Sameer ud Dowla; Weise, Constanze (2013), "Upper Saxon (Chemnitz dialect)" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (2): 231–241, doi:10.1017/S0025100313000145
- Kohler, Klaus (1990), "Comment on German", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 20 (2): 44–46, doi:10.1017/S002510030000428X, S2CID 144212850
- Lass, Roger (2002), "South African English", in Mesthrie, Rajend (ed.), Language in South Africa, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-79105-7
- Laufer, Asher (1999), "Hebrew", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge University Press, pp. 96–99, ISBN 0-521-65236-7
- Sjoberg, Andrée F. (1963), Uzbek Structural Grammar, Uralic and Altaic Series, vol. 18, Bloomington: Indiana University
- Tench, Paul (1990), "The Pronunciation of English in Abercrave", in Coupland, Nikolas; Thomas, Alan Richard (eds.), English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change, Multilingual Matters, pp. 130–141, ISBN 1-85359-032-0
- Verhoeven, Jo (2005), "Belgian Standard Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 35 (2): 243–247, doi:10.1017/S0025100305002173
- Wells, John C. (1982), Accents of English, Vol. 2: The British Isles (pp. i–xx, 279–466), Vol. 3: Beyond the British Isles (pp. i–xx, 467–674), Cambridge University Press, doi:10.1017/CBO9780511611759, doi:10.1017/CBO9780511611766, ISBN 0-52128540-2 , 0-52128541-0
