Issue 33002: Making a class formattable as hex/oct integer with printf-style formatting requires both __int__ and __index__ for no good reason

In Python 2, making a user-defined class support formatting using the integer-specific type codes required that __int__ be defined and nothing else (that is, '%x' % Foo() only required Foo to provide a __int__ method). In Python 3, this was changed to perform the conversion via __index__ for the %o, %x and %X format types (to match how oct and hex behave), not __int__, but the pre-check for validity in unicodeobject.c's mainformatlong function is still based on PyNumber_Check, not PyIndex_Check, and PyNumber_Check is concerned solely with __int__ and __float__, not __index__.

This means that a class with __index__ but not __int__ can't be used with the %o/%x/%X format codes (even though hex(mytype) and oct(mytype) work just fine).

It seems to me that either:

1. PyNumber_Check should be a superset of PyIndex_Check (broader change, probably out of scope)

or

2. mainformatlong should restrict the scope of the PyNumber_Check test to only being used for the non-'o'/'x'/'X' tests (where it's needed to avoid coercing strings and the like to integer).

Change #2 should be safe, with no major side-effects; since PyLong and subclasses always passed the existing PyNumber_Check test anyway, and PyNumber_Index already performs PyIndex_Check, the only path that needs PyNumber_Check is the one that ends in calling PyNumber_Long.

Note: Obviously, defining __index__ without defining __int__ is a little strange (it's *equivalent* to int, but can't be *coerced* to int?), so yet another fix would be addressing #20092 so it wouldn't be possible for a type to define __index__ without (implicitly) defining __int__.

To be clear, this is a problem with old-style (printf-style) formatting, and applies to both bytes formatting and str formatting. So a class like:

    class Foo:
        def __index__(self):
            return 1

will fail with a TypeError should you do any of:

    '%o' % Foo()
    '%x' % Foo()
    '%X' % Foo()
    b'%o' % Foo()
    b'%x' % Foo()
    b'%X' % Foo()

even though hex(Foo()) and oct(Foo()) work without issue.