std::ranges::partial_sort_copy, std::ranges::partial_sort_copy_result - cppreference.com

Copies the first N elements from the source range [first, last), as if it was partially sorted with respect to comp and proj1, into the destination range [result_first, result_first + N), where N = min(L₁, L₂), L₁ is equal to ranges::distance(first, last), and L₂ is equal to ranges::distance(result_first, result_last).

The order of equal elements is not guaranteed to be preserved.

1) The source range elements are projected using the function object proj1, and the destination elements are projected using the function object proj2.

2) Same as (1), but uses r as the source range and result_r as the destination range, as if using ranges::begin(r) as first, ranges::end(r) as last, ranges::begin(result_r) as result_first, and ranges::end(result_r) as result_last.

The function-like entities described on this page are algorithm function objects (informally known as niebloids), that is:

An object equal to {last, result_first + N}.

At most L₁•log(N) comparisons and 2•L₁•log(N) projections.

struct partial_sort_copy_fn
{
    template<std::input_iterator I1, std::sentinel_for<I1> S1,
             std::random_access_iterator I2, std::sentinel_for<I2> S2,
             class Comp = ranges::less, class Proj1 = std::identity,
             class Proj2 = std::identity>
    requires std::indirectly_copyable<I1, I2> && std::sortable<I2, Comp, Proj2> &&
             std::indirect_strict_weak_order<Comp, std::projected<I1, Proj1>,
             std::projected<I2, Proj2>>
    constexpr ranges::partial_sort_copy_result<I1, I2>
        operator()(I1 first, S1 last, I2 result_first, S2 result_last,
                   Comp comp = {}, Proj1 proj1 = {}, Proj2 proj2 = {}) const
    {
        if (result_first == result_last)
            return {std::move(ranges::next(std::move(first), std::move(last))),
                    std::move(result_first)};

        auto out_last{result_first};
        // copy first N elements
        for (; !(first == last or out_last == result_last); ++out_last, ++first)
            *out_last = *first;

        // convert N copied elements into a max-heap
        ranges::make_heap(result_first, out_last, comp, proj2);

        // process the rest of the input range (if any), preserving the heap property
        for (; first != last; ++first)
        {
            if (std::invoke(comp, std::invoke(proj1, *first),
                                  std::invoke(proj2, *result_first)))
            {
                // pop out the biggest item and push in a newly found smaller one
                ranges::pop_heap(result_first, out_last, comp, proj2);
                *(out_last - 1) = *first;
                ranges::push_heap(result_first, out_last, comp, proj2);
            }
        }

        // first N elements in the output range is still
        // a heap - convert it into a sorted range
        ranges::sort_heap(result_first, out_last, comp, proj2);

        return {std::move(first), std::move(out_last)};
    }

    template<ranges::input_range R1, ranges::random_access_range R2,
             class Comp = ranges::less, class Proj1 = std::identity,
             class Proj2 = std::identity>
    requires std::indirectly_copyable<ranges::iterator_t<R1>, ranges::iterator_t<R2>> &&
             std::sortable<ranges::iterator_t<R2>, Comp, Proj2> &&
             std::indirect_strict_weak_order<Comp, std::projected<ranges::iterator_t<R1>,
             Proj1>, std::projected<ranges::iterator_t<R2>, Proj2>>
    constexpr ranges::partial_sort_copy_result<ranges::borrowed_iterator_t<R1>,
              ranges::borrowed_iterator_t<R2>>
        operator()(R1&& r, R2&& result_r, Comp comp = {},
                   Proj1 proj1 = {}, Proj2 proj2 = {}) const
    {
        return (*this)(ranges::begin(r), ranges::end(r),
                       ranges::begin(result_r), ranges::end(result_r),
                       std::move(comp), std::move(proj1), std::move(proj2));
    }
};

inline constexpr partial_sort_copy_fn partial_sort_copy {};

#include <algorithm>
#include <forward_list>
#include <functional>
#include <iostream>
#include <ranges>
#include <string_view>
#include <vector>

void print(std::string_view rem, std::ranges::input_range auto const& v)
{
    for (std::cout << rem; const auto& e : v)
        std::cout << e << ' ';
    std::cout << '\n';
}

int main()
{
    const std::forward_list source{4, 2, 5, 1, 3};

    print("Write to the smaller vector in ascending order: ", "");

    std::vector dest1{10, 11, 12};
    print("const source list: ", source);
    print("destination range: ", dest1);
    std::ranges::partial_sort_copy(source, dest1);
    print("partial_sort_copy: ", dest1);

    print("Write to the larger vector in descending order:", "");

    std::vector dest2{10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16};
    print("const source list: ", source);
    print("destination range: ", dest2);
    std::ranges::partial_sort_copy(source, dest2, std::greater{});
    print("partial_sort_copy: ", dest2);
}

Output:

Write to the smaller vector in ascending order:
const source list: 4 2 5 1 3
destination range: 10 11 12
partial_sort_copy: 1 2 3
Write to the larger vector in descending order:
const source list: 4 2 5 1 3
destination range: 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
partial_sort_copy: 5 4 3 2 1 15 16