Il linguaggio C++ - cppreference.com

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Questa pagina contiene i costrutti principali del linguaggio C++.

Commenti
ASCII
Punteggiatura
Nomi e identificatori
Tipi
Tipi fondamentali
Oggetti
Ambiti
Tempo di vita di un oggetto
Durata di archiviazione e collegamento
Definizioni e ODR
Ricerca di nomi
qualificati – non qualificati (ADL)
La regola 'as-if'
Comportamento indefinito
Modello di memoria e competizione
Set di caratteri e codifiche
Fasi della traduzione
La funzione main
Moduli (C++20)

Temi generali

Controllo del flusso

Istruzioni condizionali

Le istruzioni condizionali eseguono diverse parti di codice a seconda del valore dell'espressione data.

if esegue parti di codice condizionalmente
switch esegue parti di codice secondo il valore di un argomento intero

Istruzioni di iterazione

Le istruzioni di iterazione eseguono una parte di codice più volte.

for esegue cicli indicando inizializzazione, confronto, e incremento|
range-for esegue cicli su un intervallo (dal C++11)
while esegue il ciclo, controllando la condizione prima di ogni iterazione
do-while
Original:
do-while
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esegue il ciclo, controllando la condizione dopo ogni iterazione

Istruzioni di salto

Le istruzioni di salto spostano l'esecuzione del programma in una posizione diversa.

continue salta la restante parte del corpo del ciclo
break termina il ciclo
goto continua l'esecuzione in un altra posizione
return termina l'esecuzione della funzione

Funzioni

Lo stesso codice può essere riutilizzato in diverse posizioni del programma.

dichiarazione funzioni dichiarare le funzioni
dichiarazione funzioni lambda dichiarare le funzioni lambda (dal C++11)
funzioni template dichiarare funzioni template
specificatore inline indica che il compilatore inserire il corpo di una funzione direttamente nel codice chiamante
eccezioni specifiche dichiarare che una funzione genera solo specifiche eccezioni (deprecato)
specificatore noexcept dichiara se una funzione genera o meno eccezioni (dal C++11)

Eccezioni

Le eccezioni sono un modo più robusto per segnalare condizioni di errore rispetto ai codici ritornati dalle funzioni o alle variabili globali di errore.

espressioni throw segnala gli errori e trasferisce il controllo ai gestori
blocchi try-catch intercettare le eccezioni originate da specifici blocchi di codice
specificatore noexcept e operatore noexcept definire e verificare se le espressioni generano eccezioni (dal C++11)

Spazi dei nomi

Gli spazi dei nomi forniscono un modo per evitare conflitti sui nomi nei progetti di grandi dimensioni.

dichiarazioni namespace dichiarare gli spazi dei nomi
alias spazio dei nomi dichiarare nomi alternativi per spazi dei nomi esistenti

Tipi

tipi fondamentali definiscono il carattere di base, i tipi interi e a virgola mobile
tipi puntatore definiscono i tipi in possesso di un indirizzo di memoria
tipi composti definire tipi che contengono diversi membri di dati (essenzialmente la stessa classe)
enumerazione tipi
Original:
enumeration types
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definire i tipi che sono in grado di contenere solo uno dei valori specificati
Original:
enumerazione tipi
Original:
enumeration types
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define types that are able to hold only one of the specified values
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sindacali tipi
Original:
union types
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definire i tipi che possono contenere i dati in varie rappresentazioni
Original:
sindacali tipi
Original:
union types
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define types that can hold data in several representations
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tipi di funzione
Original:
function types
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definire firme chiamata di funzione, che è il tipo di argomenti e il tipo restituito
Original:
tipi di funzione
Original:
function types
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define function call signatures, that is the types of arguments and the return type
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decltype specificatore
Original:
decltype specifier
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definisce un tipo equivalente al tipo di espressione (dal C++11)
Original:
decltype specificatore
Original:
decltype specifier
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defines a type equivalent to the type of an expression (dal C++11)
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Specifiers

cv specificatori
Original:
cv specifiers
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specificare constness e la volatilità dei tipi
Original:
cv specificatori
Original:
cv specifiers
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specify constness and volatility of types
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Durata di stoccaggio specificatori
Original:
storage duration specifiers
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specificare la durata di memorizzazione di tipi
Original:
Durata di stoccaggio specificatori
Original:
storage duration specifiers
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specify storage duration of types
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constexpr specificatore
Original:
constexpr specifier
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specifica che il valore di una variabile o funzione può essere calcolata ad di compilazione (dal C++11)
Original:
constexpr specificatore
Original:
constexpr specifier
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specifies that the value of a variable or function can be computed at compile time (dal C++11)
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specificatore auto
Original:
auto specifier
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specifica che il tipo effettivo è definito dall'espressione, assegnato alla variabile (dal C++11)
Original:
specificatore auto
Original:
auto specifier
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specifies that the actual type shall be defined from the expression, assigned to the variable (dal C++11)
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alignas specificatore
Original:
alignas specifier
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specifica che la memoria per la variabile deve essere allineato con importo specifico (dal C++11)
Original:
alignas specificatore
Original:
alignas specifier
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specifies that the storage for the variable should be aligned by specific amount (dal C++11)
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Inizializzazione

Ogni volta che una variabile denominata viene dichiarata, e ogni volta che un oggetto temporaneo viene creato, il valore iniziale del nuovo oggetto viene fornito attraverso uno dei seguenti meccanismi:

Original:

Whenever a named variable is declared, and whenever a temporary object is created, the initial value of the new object is provided through one of the following mechanisms:

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predefinito di inizializzazione
Original:
default initialization
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verifica quando non viene fornita inizializzatore
Original:
predefinito di inizializzazione
Original:
default initialization
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occurs when no initializer is provided
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valore di inizializzazione
Original:
value initialization
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si verifica quando il inizializzatore è un insieme vuoto di parentesi
Original:
valore di inizializzazione
Original:
value initialization
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occurs when the initializer is an empty set of parentheses
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inizializzazione a zero
Original:
zero initialization
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inizializza ogni bit dell'oggetto da zero
Original:
inizializzazione a zero
Original:
zero initialization
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initializes every bit of the object to zero
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copiare inizializzazione
Original:
copy initialization
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inizializza un oggetto da un altro oggetto
Original:
copiare inizializzazione
Original:
copy initialization
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initializes an object from another object
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inizializzazione diretta
Original:
direct initialization
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fornisce il valore iniziale o la lista di argomenti del costruttore, tra parentesi
Original:
inizializzazione diretta
Original:
direct initialization
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provides the initial value or the list of constructor arguments, in parentheses
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inizializzazioni di aggregazione
Original:
aggregate initialization
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fornisce i valori iniziali per ogni membro di un array o una struttura senza un costruttore
Original:
inizializzazioni di aggregazione
Original:
aggregate initialization
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provides initial values to every member of an array or a struct without a constructor
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elenco di inizializzazione
Original:
list initialization
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fornisce un lungo elenco arbitrario di valori, in grado di inizializzare un std::vector o std::map (dal C++11)
Original:
elenco di inizializzazione
Original:
list initialization
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provides an arbitrary long list of values, which can initialize a std::vector or std::map (dal C++11)
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inizializzazione delle costanti
Original:
constant initialization
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inizializza tutti gli oggetti statici costanti prima di tutto
Original:
inizializzazione delle costanti
Original:
constant initialization
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initializes all constant static objects before anything else
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riferimento inizializzazione
Original:
reference initialization
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lega i riferimenti agli oggetti ed estendere la durata delle parti provvisori
Original:
riferimento inizializzazione
Original:
reference initialization
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binds references to objects and extend the lifetimes of the temporaries
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Letterali

Letterali sono i segni di un programma C + + che rappresentano valori costanti, incorporati nel codice sorgente.

Original:

Literals are the tokens of a C++ program that represent constant values, embedded in the source code.

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letterali interi
Original:
integer literals
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sono decimale, ottale, o numeri esadecimali di tipo intero.
Original:
letterali interi
Original:
integer literals
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are decimal, octal, or hexadecimal numbers of integer type.
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caratteri letterali
Original:
character literals
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sono singoli caratteri di tipo char, char16_t, char32_t, o wchar_t
Original:
caratteri letterali
Original:
character literals
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are individual characters of type char, char16_t, char32_t, or wchar_t
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virgola mobile letterali
Original:
floating-point literals
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sono valori di tipo float, double, o long double
Original:
virgola mobile letterali
Original:
floating-point literals
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are values of type float, double, or long double
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stringhe letterali
Original:
string literals
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sono sequenze di caratteri, che possono essere strette, multibyte, o larga
Original:
stringhe letterali
Original:
string literals
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are sequences of characters, which may be narrow, multibyte, or wide
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letterali booleani
Original:
boolean literals
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sono valori di bool tipo, cioè true e false
Original:
letterali booleani
Original:
boolean literals
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are values of type bool, that is true and false
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nullptr è il puntatore letterale che specifica un valore nullo valore del puntatore (dal C++11)
Original:
nullptr is the pointer literal which specifies a null pointer value (dal C++11)
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definito dall'utente letterali
Original:
user-defined literals
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sono valori costanti di utenti specificato tipo (dal C++11)
Original:
definito dall'utente letterali
Original:
user-defined literals
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are constant values of user-specified type (dal C++11)
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Espressioni

Un'espressione è una sequenza di operatori e operandi che specifica un calcolo. Un'espressione può comportare un valore e può causare effetti indesiderati.

Original:

An expression is a sequence of operators and operands that specifies a computation. An expression can result in a value and can cause side effects.

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valore categorie
Original:
value categories
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(lvalue, rvalue, glvalue, prvalue, xValue) classificare le espressioni dei loro valori
Original:
valore categorie
Original:
value categories
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(lvalue, rvalue, glvalue, prvalue, xvalue) classify expressions by their values
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ordine di valutazione
Original:
order of evaluation
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di argomenti e sottoespressioni specificare l'ordine in cui si ottengono i risultati intermedi
Original:
ordine di valutazione
Original:
order of evaluation
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of arguments and subexpressions specify the order in which intermediate results are obtained
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operators consentire l'uso di sintassi che si trovano comunemente in matematica
Original:
operators allow the use of syntax commonly found in mathematics
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Common operators
assegnazione	incrementǊdecrement	aritmetica	logico	confronto	memberǊaccess	altra
`a = b a = rvalue a += b a -= b a *= b a /= b a %= b a &= b a \|= b a ^= b a <<= b a >>= b`	`++a --a a++ a--`	`+a -a a + b a - b a * b a / b a % b ~a a & b a \| b a ^ b a << b a >> b`	`!a a && b a \|\| b`	`a == b a != b a < b a > b a <= b a >= b`	`a[b] a &a a->b a.b a->b a.*b`	`a(...) a, b (type) a ? :`
Special operators
`static_cast` converte un tipo a un altro tipo compatibile Original: `static_cast` converts one type to another compatible type The text has been machine-translated via Google Translate. You can help to correct and verify the translation. Click here for instructions. `dynamic_cast` converte classe virtuale di base per class derivato Original: `dynamic_cast` converts virtual base class to derived class The text has been machine-translated via Google Translate. You can help to correct and verify the translation. Click here for instructions. `const_cast` converte il tipo di tipo compatibile con diversi cv qualifiers Original: `const_cast` converts type to compatible type with different cv qualifiers The text has been machine-translated via Google Translate. You can help to correct and verify the translation. Click here for instructions. `reinterpret_cast` converte tipo type incompatibile Original: `reinterpret_cast` converts type to incompatible type The text has been machine-translated via Google Translate. You can help to correct and verify the translation. Click here for instructions. `new` alloca memory Original: `new` allocates memory The text has been machine-translated via Google Translate. You can help to correct and verify the translation. Click here for instructions. `delete` dealloca memory Original: `delete` deallocates memory The text has been machine-translated via Google Translate. You can help to correct and verify the translation. Click here for instructions. `sizeof` interroga la dimensione di un type Original: `sizeof` queries the size of a type The text has been machine-translated via Google Translate. You can help to correct and verify the translation. Click here for instructions. `sizeof...` interroga le dimensioni di un parametro confezione (dal C++11) Original: `sizeof...` queries the size of a parametro confezione (dal C++11) The text has been machine-translated via Google Translate. You can help to correct and verify the translation. Click here for instructions. `typeid` interroga le informazioni sul tipo di una type Original: `typeid` queries the type information of a type The text has been machine-translated via Google Translate. You can help to correct and verify the translation. Click here for instructions. `noexcept` controlla se un'espressione può lanciare una (dal C++11) un'eccezione Original: `noexcept` checks if an expression can throw an exception (dal C++11) The text has been machine-translated via Google Translate. You can help to correct and verify the translation. Click here for instructions. `alignof` query requisiti di allineamento di un (dal C++11) tipo Original: `alignof` queries alignment requirements of a type (dal C++11) The text has been machine-translated via Google Translate. You can help to correct and verify the translation. Click here for instructions.